Three-Stage Memory Model:

A) Sensory Memory:

B) Short-term Memory (STM): , and

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      1. Long-term Memory (LTM) : 3.

Three-Stage Memory Model:

A) Sensory Memory: First stage of memory that holds sensory information; capacity is relatively LARGE but duration is only a few seconds.

B) Short-term Memory (STM): Secondary memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to Long Term memory (LTM); Capacity is short (5-9 items) and duraction is about 30 seconds), and


C) Long-term Memory (LTM) : 3^rd stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time; it's capacity is LIMITLESS and its duration is relatively permanent.

 

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      This model is the most widely used and proposes that memory needs different storage stages to house information for various lengths of time. A flowchart for memory processes (Figure 7.1) includes the three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

What is sensory memory:? 

What is the duration of iconic memory?

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      1. Describe the CAPACITY/ DURATION of STM: Capacity=...?Duration=?

      2.  How can STM be extended?
         
      3.  Rehearsal:
         

      4. What is maintenance rehearsal? 

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      What is Chunking? 

Describe the CAPACITY/ DURATION of STM: Capacity=LARGE/Duration=short (1/2-1 second) How can STM be extended? By employing Maintenance Rehearsal: consciously and continually repeating the information over & over again.

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      What is maintenance rehearsal? Repeating of information to maintain it in the STM

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      What is Chunking? The grouping of separate pieces of information into a single unit, I.e: phone#'s credit cards#'s and social security #'are group into 3 and 4 digits. Used mostly with STM to increase capacity for storage.

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         1. What is long term memory?
            

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         1. What is long term memory? 3^rd stage of memory-stores information for long periods of time. Storage capacity is Limitless and duration is Limitless? What is the key to accurate storage and retrieval in long term memory?

1. DEFINE:

   Explicit/Declarative Memory Semantic/Episodic Implicit/Nondeclarative/Procedural

See attached- See Attached.......

See attached- See Attached.......

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      (See attached- See Attached.......

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   1. What are HIERARCHIES?
      

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   1. What are HIERARCHIES? Hierarchies assist LTM by organizing information into general categories that are further divided and subdivided. Example? In which stage of memory are they used? Used in LTM

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   1. Contrast 'shallow' and 'deeper' levels of process. SHALLOW processing: Deeply Processed and can be stored for a lifetime. Example(s): Elaborative strategies: the goal here is to UNDERSTAND, not simply memorize. More insightful than rote. Maintenance rehearsal is a form of shallow processing.

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   1. Contrast 'shallow' and 'deeper' levels of process. SHALLOW processing: Successful memory depends on how deeply we process or encode initial information. In shallow-little or no memory is formed. If we add more to it, i.e. meaning or developing associations or organizations around it...it is what we call, Deeply Processed and can be stored for a lifetime. Example(s): Elaborative strategies: the goal here is to UNDERSTAND, not simply memorize. More insightful than rote. Maintenance rehearsal is a form of shallow processing.

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   1. Define RETRIEVAL CUE:

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   1. Difference among:

      Recognition:
      

      Recall: 

      Relearning: .

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   1. Difference among:

      Recognition: Retrieving a memory using a specific clue. Used on multiple choice tasks-where one is presented with specific cues and only requires one to identify/recognize the correct choice.

      Recall: Retrieving a memory using a GENERAL cue.THIS IS A MEMORY TASK-i.e.essay exam, using general non specific cues.

      Relearning: Learning material a 2^nd time, which usually takes less time than original learning.

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   1. Define Encoding Specificity principle.

      (Know the research findings/implications for your academic success for:

      'Context dependent memory':
      

      'State-dependent retrieval':

      Mood congruence:
      

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   1. Define Encoding Specificity principle. Memory is better when the conditions are similar to conditions when information was learned. Memory is increased when we have matching context,moods and states.

      (Know the research findings/implications for your academic success for:

      'Context dependent memory': we are able to remember better when we attempt to recall information in the same context in which it was learned..

      'State-dependent retrieval':Learning something while under the influence of a drug, may cause someone to remember something more easily when they take that drug again, than at other times.

      Mood congruence: People tend to remember information better if their moods during learning and retrieval match.

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   1. What was Ebbinghaus' experiment and results?
      

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   1. What was Ebbinghaus' experiment and results? Incorporate 'nonsense syllables in your answer:Did research into learning and forgetting; using nonsense syllables-with the passage of time, he was able to recall less and less 3 letter nonsense syllables; however did prove that meaningful material is better able to be recalled-has to do with emotional content of information.

DESCRIBE: 5 Key Theories to FORGETTING:

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   1. DEFINE: Serial position effect:

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   1. DEFINE: Serial position effect:Remembering the material at the beginning AND at the end of a list rather than what's in the middle.

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   1. DEFINE: Serial position effect:

       

   2. Contrast MASS vs DISTRIBUTED Practice:

      Also: what is the same as 'cramming'? INFORMATION OVERLOAD

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   1. What is Long Term Potentiation? Long term strengthening of neural firing.

      What are the 2 ways it can happen/ (see pages 55-58).: 1) Repeated stimulation of a synapes by causing the dendrites to grow more spines and 2) By the ability of a particular neuron to release or accept neurotransmitters can be increased or decreased.

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   1. Do hormones affect memory? Why?

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   1. Define AMNESIA and discuss some causes: AMNESIA: loss of memory due to brain injury or trauma ,i.e. stroke. RETROGRADE amnesia:acting backward in time, memories are lost for events that occurred BEFORE the brain injury-failure of consolidation. Old =RETRO.

      Anterograde amnesia: Lost memories for events AFTER the accident/injury. Maybe due to surgery or chronic alcoholism.

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   1. Know the procedure and results of the 'barn' study: participants were asked to view a film of a car driiving thru the countryside. They were asked to estimate how fast the car was going when it past a barn (non-existant) . People were 6 times as likely to report seeing the barn when asked, then people who were NOT asked about the barn. How do judges handle 'eyewitness testimony'? Judges now allow expert testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness accounts. What is confidence of eyewitness research subjects even when inaccurate? (pg 268).

       

   2. Know and write out Specific tips (Using Memory research to remember

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   1. DEFINE: Serial position effect:Remembering the material at the beginning AND at the end of a list rather than what's in the middle.

       

   2. Contrast MASS vs DISTRIBUTED Practice:

      Also: what is the same as 'cramming'? INFORMATION OVERLOAD