Term
| Suppositories are designed for insertion in which orifices? |
|
Definition
| rectum, vagina, or the urethra |
|
|
Term
| What is the usual weight for rectal suppositories for adults? for children? |
|
Definition
2 g for adults
1 g for children |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the reasons for administering a suppository? |
|
Definition
Infants and small children may have trouble taking medications orally. Severely debilitated patients might also have the same problem.
ex. epileptic or people with migranes w/vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the advantages of suppositories over oral therapy? |
|
Definition
-better bioavailability to the small intestine
- no irritation in the stomach
- no acidic pH or enzymes to destroy drug |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the disadvantages of suppositories? |
|
Definition
- uncomfort
- variation in absorption
- irritation for mucous caused by some drugs or bases |
|
|
Term
| What feature of the large intestine is crucial for systemic effect of suppositories? |
|
Definition
| The many veins and arteries. |
|
|
Term
True or False
- Anorectal physiology contains no villi/microvilli
- the pH range here is 5-6 |
|
Definition
- True
- False (ph is 7 to 8) |
|
|
Term
| How does a local action suppository work on hemorrhoids? |
|
Definition
| shrinks body tissue, astringent, local anesthetic, vasoconstrictor, anti pruritic, antiseptic |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of a drug will be absorbed in blood circulation after rectal insertion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main physicochemical factors affecting rectal absorption? |
|
Definition
1) lipid solubility
2) particle size
3) suppository vehicle |
|
|
Term
| The ideal suppository base should dissolve or disintegrate in the presence of mucous secretions...How much mucous fluid is in the rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two classifications of suppository bases? |
|
Definition
oleaginous bases (hydrophobic)
and
water soluble or miscible bases (hydrophillic) |
|
|
Term
Suppositories are composed of the following:
1) active ingredients
2) _________
3) suppository base |
|
Definition
| 2) additives (such as emulsifiers and preservatives) |
|
|
Term
True or false
One of the active ingredients for systemic action includes bismuth subgallate |
|
Definition
False
bismuth subgallate is an active ingredient for local action |
|
|
Term
| How is surfactant used in suppositories? |
|
Definition
| used as a pharmaceutical additive to improve quality. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common oil-soluble base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the acids bonded to glycerin in cocoa butter, what % is disaturated triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Cocoa butter melts at room temperature |
|
Definition
False
- solid at room temp, melts at body temp (but in Florida, should keep in fridge) |
|
|
Term
| Because cocoa butter is polymorphic compound, overheating it will convert it to what structure? |
|
Definition
| a metastable structure that melts in the 25 to 30 degree celsius range |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 forms of cocoa butter crystal? |
|
Definition
1) beta (mp 34-36)
2) beta' (mp 27)
3) alpha (mp 22)
4) gamma (mp 18) |
|
|
Term
True or False
synthetic triglycerides consist of hydrogenated vegetable oils and also exhibit polymorphism. |
|
Definition
False
they are hydrogenated vegetable oils, but DO NOT exhibit polymorphism. |
|
|
Term
| What is the usual color of a fattybase synthetic tryglyceride? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of glycerinated gelatin suppositories are gelatin? |
|
Definition
20%
70% = glycerin, 10% = water |
|
|
Term
True or False
Glycerinated gelatins are recommended as a rectal suppository base |
|
Definition
False
- they may exert an osmotic effect and a defecation reflex, thus useful for vaginal suppositories but not rectal |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the disadvantanges for polyethylene glycol polymers? |
|
Definition
| Incompatible with solver salts, tannic acid, aminopyrine, quinine, aspiring, benzocaine, and sulfonamides. |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting step in the selection for an appropriate base? |
|
Definition
| how fast the drug gets into/diffuse/partition from the base into the rectal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 common methods of preparing suppositories? |
|
Definition
rolled (hand-shaped)
compression-molded (fused)
fusion or melt molding |
|
|
Term
| How are suppositories generally measured? |
|
Definition
| by weight because they are often made from solid ingredients - thus density calculations and mold calibrations are required |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate the density factor? |
|
Definition
| density factor = weight of drug/weight of base displaced |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the reasons for using the topical route? |
|
Definition
| hydration, protection, systemic effect, and local effect = drug action |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of liquid preparations for dermatological formulations? |
|
Definition
liniments
lotions
paints
ear drops |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the gels often used in preparation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the powder preparations in dermatological formulations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the ointments used in dermatological formulations? |
|
Definition
betnovate ointment
betadine ointment |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the aerosols used in dermatological formulations? |
|
Definition
solarcain spray
mycota spray |
|
|
Term
| The skin composes what percent of human body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The epidermis is composed of layers of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
The epidermis prevents fluid loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the biggest layer of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the epidermis and the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stratum lucidum (the clear layer) is only found on the _____ of the feet and the _____ of the hands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are basophilic granules in the stratum granulosum often identified? |
|
Definition
| They are dyed with a base to cause a color change |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells are found in the stratum spinosum? |
|
Definition
| cuboidal, polygonal, or squamus cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical amount of time for turnover for cells to go through all layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the mitotic, epidermal stem cells located? |
|
Definition
| in the stratum basale/germinativum (last layer of epidermis) |
|
|
Term
| The epidermal ridges are interlocked with dermal _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is skin color attributable to? |
|
Definition
| melanin amount, carotene content in subcutaneous fat and vascularization |
|
|
Term
| What is synthesized when epidermal cells are exposed to UV? |
|
Definition
| vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
|
|
Term
| The dermis is a specialized thickened _____ _____ with a network of ______ fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer vessels supply epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sudomotor fibers in the dermis? |
|
Definition
| stimulates the sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of body fact is in the hypodermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 accessories (skin appendages)? |
|
Definition
1) weat and sebaceous glands
2) hair follicles and hairs
3) nails
4) nerves & nervous receptors |
|
|
Term
| As a protective function - the skin is a barrier for which 6 things? |
|
Definition
1) microbial barrier
2) chemical barrier
3) radiation barrier
4) electrical barrier
5) mechanical barrier
6) heat barrier |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 rational approaches to topical treatment? |
|
Definition
1) manipulate the barrier
2) direct drugs to viable skin tissues
3) skin treatment for systemic conditions |
|
|
Term
| In the penetration route of topical treatment - how is the drug eventually removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the treatments in the dermis corneum? |
|
Definition
| antipruritic and antihistamine |
|
|
Term
| What route of penetration goes through the appendages? |
|
Definition
| pilosebaseous unit and ecrine gland |
|
|
Term
| How do demulcents function? |
|
Definition
| can alleviate irritation of mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| How do emollients function? |
|
Definition
| fat or oily substances used to increase moisture content of skin membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical use of keratolytics? |
|
Definition
| causes peeling of skin - useful in treatment of eczema, acne, etc |
|
|
Term
True or False
--
All topical agents must permeate the skin to act. |
|
Definition
False
--
Not all topical agents must permeate the skin, however, the most common routes are transepidermal and transappendageal |
|
|
Term
| What are some biological factors that effect percutaneous absorption? |
|
Definition
1) skin age
2) skin condition
3) regional skin sites, thickness
4) skin metabolism
5) circulatory effects |
|
|
Term
| What are some physicochemical factors that effect percutaneous absorption? |
|
Definition
1) skin hydration
2) drug/skin binding
3) temperature
4) penetration enhancers
5) drug/vehicle interaction, dosage form properties |
|
|
Term
| Topical dosage forms generally contain what ingredients? |
|
Definition
| base or body of dosage form, medicinal agent, and preservative |
|
|
Term
| Ointments and creams are used topically for what purposes? |
|
Definition
-protectants
-antiseptics
-emollients
-antipruritics
-kerotolytics
-astringents |
|
|
Term
| What is of prime importance when considering ointments? |
|
Definition
| The base or vehicle is the most important consideration. |
|
|
Term
| How are ointment bases generally classified |
|
Definition
| They are generally classified according to their interaction with water. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrocarbon bases are synonymous with _____ bases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
--
Oleaginous bases are soluble in water. |
|
Definition
False
--
insoluble in water, will not absorb water, and not water washable (need soap) |
|
|
Term
| What is the commercial product example of pertrolatum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an important therapeutic property of hydrocarbon bases? |
|
Definition
| Good occlusiveness (can have emollient effect) and prolonged contact with skin). |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of absorption bases possible? |
|
Definition
1) permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions - single phase
2) are without emlsions - two phase system |
|
|
Term
| Anhyrdrous absorption bases contain agents that confer an ability to absorb water and alcohol...however it can only absorb _____ to a lesser degree. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| W/O absorption bases are similar to anhydrous absorption bases except ______ |
|
Definition
| already contain varying amounts of water |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the characteristics of emulsion bases, O/W type? |
|
Definition
- insoluble in water
- water washable
- will absorb water
- contains water
- emollient
- non-greasy
- non-occlusive |
|
|
Term
| Hydrophilic ointment - sodium laurylsulfate is an ____ agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A widely used water soluble base, glyceryl monostearate is composed of ______ alcohol esters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the preparation of ointments, incorporation involves what tools? |
|
Definition
| mortar & pestle, spatula & slab |
|
|
Term
| Where does the "lost" ointment in the compounding process go? |
|
Definition
| It adheres to beakers, ointment tiles, or ointment pads |
|
|
Term
| After levigation, how should the final product feel? |
|
Definition
| Should slip, no gritty feel |
|
|
Term
True or False
Levigation is the 2nd most common method for Rx compounding. |
|
Definition
False
--
It is the MOST common method |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the disadvantages of levigation? |
|
Definition
| Poor uniformity, gritty feel |
|
|
Term
True or False
--
Not all surfacants are compatible as levigating agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some methods to correct errors in compounding after levigation? |
|
Definition
| add more high/low viscosity component, keep triturating, or start over. |
|
|
Term
| In order to avoid excess heat during fusion, how are ingredients heated? |
|
Definition
| heated with a water bath. |
|
|
Term
| Fusion is used when solids can't be easily triturated...name some examples of these solids. |
|
Definition
-beeswax
-cetyl alcohol
-paraffin
-stearic acid
-any fusible solid |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the pitfalls of over heating during fusion? |
|
Definition
| change in viscosity and discoloration... |
|
|
Term
| What is the appropriate fix for poor dispersion during fusion process? |
|
Definition
| reheat and add more surfactant |
|
|
Term
| How can you minimize the quantity of water lost through evaporation when mixing oil and aqueous phase? |
|
Definition
| Heat aqueous phase a few degrees higher than oil phase prior to mixing as aqueous cools faster than oil. |
|
|
Term
| Stability of the final product can be enhanced by melting the ingredient with the ____ melting point first. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
--
It helps to use ice or water to accelerate the cooling process. |
|
Definition
False
--
this may result in a change in consistency of the final product |
|
|
Term
| When should volatile ingredients such as oils, flavors, or drugs be added? |
|
Definition
| when the product is "cool to the back of the hand" |
|
|
Term
| When are preservatives not necessary to preserve ointments? |
|
Definition
| when there is no water present |
|
|
Term
| What are some common chemical antimicrobial preservatives for preserving ointments? |
|
Definition
| -p-hydroxybenzoates, phenols, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, quaternary ammonium salts, organic mercury compounds, and formaldehyde (no longer used) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly used absorption enhancer in ointments? |
|
Definition
| DMSO - dimethylsulphoxide |
|
|
Term
| "vanishing creams" contain what two ingredients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual internal phase range of o/w creams? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most acceptable topical dosage form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the differences between ointments and pastes? |
|
Definition
- larger proportion of solid material in paste
- stiffer (paste) |
|
|
Term
| What is a common name for topical powders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common physical problem with powders? |
|
Definition
| hygroscopicity can be a problem |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the therapeutic benefits of powders? |
|
Definition
1) can promote drying
2) can reduce friction |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of a gel? |
|
Definition
semisolid systems
movement of dispersing medium restricted by interlacing 3d network of particles |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the common applications of gels? |
|
Definition
-oral
-topical
-intranasal
-vaginal
-rectal |
|
|
Term
| When a gel mass consists of a network of small inorganic discrete particles, it is a ________ system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A single phase system is a gel mass that consists of a network of ________ particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 6 classes of gels |
|
Definition
1) hydrogel
2) h20
3) diapers crystalline
4) organogel
5) oil
6) non crystalline |
|
|
Term
| What is a major disadvantage of a gel? |
|
Definition
| requires preservatives to prevent bacterial/mold growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soaking up liquid without a marked increase in volume |
|
|
Term
| What is swelling (in terms of gel)? |
|
Definition
| soaking up liquid with an increase in volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when h2o comes out of a gel, causing shrinkage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viscous during storage but loses consistency and becomes fluid upon shaking |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of xerogel? |
|
Definition
| where liquid is removed from a gel, only framework remains. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common alginate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is alginic acid derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In carbomers, gel viscosity is dependent on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum of electrolytes that can be added before carbomer becomes a rubbery mass form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference (other than viscosity) between carbopol 934 and carbopol 934p? |
|
Definition
| 934P is only for pharmaceutical prep only and it is highly purified. |
|
|
Term
The two advantages of cellulose derivatives are:
1) compatible with water and alcohol
2) ____________ |
|
Definition
| 2) viscosity of all derivatives is maintained over a wide pH range (3-11) - except CMC |
|
|
Term
| What is a common use of carboxymethyl cellulose? |
|
Definition
| broad food usage - salad dressings, ice cream (ex. fat free) |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of gum arabic as a gelling agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the molecular weight of gum arabic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major factor in not using gum tragacanth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is gelatine produced? |
|
Definition
| it is a protein produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the bone and connective tissues of animals such as domesticated cattle, pigs, and horses. |
|
|
Term
| What composes over 95% of plastibase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major advantage of plastibase as a gelling agent |
|
Definition
| temperature stability - can be heated upto 60 degrees celsius without substantial loss in viscosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gelling agent that is thermoreversible. can be liquid @ cool or room temp and can become gel @ room or body temp |
|
|
Term
| What is bentonite composed of? |
|
Definition
| hydrated aluminum silicate formed from weathering of volcanic ash |
|
|
Term
| What are the only gelling agents recommended for oral intake? |
|
Definition
| carbopol 934p, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethycellulose, and cmc |
|
|
Term
| How would you fix the gelling agent's tendency to clump when added to dispersing medium? |
|
Definition
| sieve the agent onto the surface of medium as medium is stirring |
|
|
Term
| What are some tight containers for gel storage? |
|
Definition
| tubes, jars, squeeze bottles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between topical solutions and topical tinctures? |
|
Definition
solutions = aqueous vehicle
tinctures = alcoholic vehicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
solid or semisolid - plasters spread upon backing for prolonged contact with skin
ex. salicylic acid plaster |
|
|
Term
| How is pyroxylin for collodions obtained? |
|
Definition
| action of mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids on cotton and consists chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate |
|
|
Term
| What is a common use of collodions? |
|
Definition
| used as adhesive to close small wounds, hold surgical dressings and topical medications. |
|
|
Term
| What types of cells compose the mucous membranes of the vagina and external surface of the cervix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal vaginal pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the vagina, what is the naturally occurring bacteria that releases a number of anti-microbial compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the advantages of vaginal route of administration? |
|
Definition
- avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism
- large surface area
- rich blood supply
- reduction in the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal side effects
- self insertion and removal of dosage form |
|
|
Term
| What are some disadvantages of vaginal administration? |
|
Definition
limited to potent molecules (steroids)
adverse effects
hormone dependent changes |
|
|
Term
| What has replaced vaginal suppositories by virtue of their ease of preparation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of an intrauterine progesterone drug delivery sys? |
|
Definition
| no estrogens, hormonal action is local - only at the uterus |
|
|
Term
| Why are creams and gels preferred over ointments in vaginal administration? |
|
Definition
| Ointments are greasier than creams and gels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| known as Piles, enlarged and engorged blood vessels in or around the anus |
|
|
Term
| What type of gel does a diastat rectal delivery system use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an alternative use for diastat? |
|
Definition
| used by nonmedical patient caregivers to stop seizures in patients who are known to have epilepsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insertion of a solution into the rectum and lower intestine given to remove feces when an individual is constipated or impacted or in preparation for an examination or surgery, or to give drugs or anesthetic agents |
|
|
Term
| What is sodium phosphate solution used for enemas? |
|
Definition
| draws additional water from the bloodstream into the colon and increases the effectiveness of the enema |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main sections of the ear? |
|
Definition
| outer, middle, and inner ear |
|
|
Term
| The visible part of the outer ear is called _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle ear's connection to the ________ tube is the reason for simultaneous ear & throat infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two sac like structures in the inner ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common disorders of the ear? |
|
Definition
Ear infections
Meniere's disease
deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an infection of the middle ear that is common in young children. |
|
|
Term
| If untreated, otitis media can cause scarring of the ______ membrane and a permanent loss of hearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
--
Ear drops are are typically mixed with h2o |
|
Definition
False
--
typically mineral oil or organic solvent - never h2o |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for "swimmer's ear?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are ear infections typically treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
--
There is no cure for meniere's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What some symptoms of Meniere's? |
|
Definition
dizziness (vertigo)
ringing in the ear (tinnitus)
temporary hearing loss
a feeling of pressure or fullness in the ear |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of deafness? |
|
Definition
conductive hearing loss
sensorineural hearing loss |
|
|
Term
| What is type of solvent are ear drops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wax - normal secretion of cerumenous glands in the external auditory canal - can obscure or partially obscure the drum |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with an excessive accumulation of cerumen? |
|
Definition
| itching, pain, impaired hearing |
|
|
Term
| How are solutions used for wax removal warmed? |
|
Definition
| typically warmed by holding in hands |
|
|
Term
| OTC drops for wax removal are typically composed of _____ |
|
Definition
| water, oil, peroxide solutions |
|
|
Term
| How long should you keep your head tilted upon administering ear drops, so it can spread in your ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 practical considerations for oral tablet/capsule administration? |
|
Definition
1) avoid esophageal adhesions
2) wetting capsules with water or saliva can help swallowing
3) do not crush or chew enteric coated tablets
4) maintain dissolution stability by storing tablets under proper conditions |
|
|
Term
| Name the 6 factors predisposing to adhesions |
|
Definition
1) shape
2) size
3) surface properties
4) patient position
5) volume of water
6) disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) buccal/sublingual
2) lozenges
3) chewable
4) vaginal inserts
5) effervescent
6) fast-dissolving |
|
|
Term
True or False
--
Lozenges are usually intended for a local effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chewable tablets - often have a high _____ or xylitol content and flavorants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tablets are prepared by compressing the drug with sodium bicarbonate and citric acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are claims of fast dissolving tablets' faster onset of action often not true? |
|
Definition
| Drug dissolution can be rate limiting because of faster disintengration/dissolution |
|
|
Term
| Which method of tablet manufacture leaves a very porous product? |
|
Definition
| Lyophilization (freeze-drying) |
|
|
Term
True or false
--
Effervescent excipients are hygroscopic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of buccal? |
|
Definition
| lining of the cheek - usually between the cheek and the gums |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of sublingual? |
|
Definition
| Ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth |
|
|
Term
True or False
--
Administration of drugs to the oral cavity only achieves a local effect |
|
Definition
False
--
Both systemic and local |
|
|
Term
| The oral mucosae includes the structure and properties between _______ and _______ |
|
Definition
| intestinal mucosa and epidermis |
|
|
Term
| Why is the epithelium in the oral mucosae good for systemic delivery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
--
Buccal and sublingual membrane are keratinized to form a tough barrier |
|
Definition
False
--
buccal and sublingual membranes are not keratinized |
|
|
Term
| Which is thicker, buccal or sublingual? |
|
Definition
| Buccal epithelium is 2-8 times as thick |
|
|
Term
| Which is more permeable? Buccal or sublingual? |
|
Definition
| Sublingual - nitroglycerins - small lipophillic |
|
|
Term
| What are some positives and negatives about saliva? |
|
Definition
| it can dissolve drug, but can also wash it away |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 advantages of sublingual/buccal delivery? |
|
Definition
1) avoidance of GI acid degradation, GI enzymatic degradation, and the hepatic first pass effect
2) can achieve rapid onset of action and high blood levels for some drugs
3) can also be used for prolonged action |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 disadvantages of sublingual/buccal delivery? |
|
Definition
1) relatively low permeability for drugs
2) the drug can be washed away
3) sometimes unpredictable bioavailability |
|
|
Term
| What are some differences between sublingual and buccal products? |
|
Definition
sublingual - designed for rapid drug release over a short period of time
buccal - generally designed for slower drug release over a sustained period of time (but some buccal products can give fast relief) |
|
|
Term
| Sublingual tablets include compressed and _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a compressed sublingual tablet? |
|
Definition
isosorbide dinitrate
nitroglycerin
hyoscyamine sulfate
ergotamine tartrate
cyanocobalamin |
|
|
Term
True of False
--
Compressed tablets tend to be softer than molded tablets |
|
Definition
False
--
Molded tablets tend to be softer |
|
|
Term
| Name some excipents that are used with NTG in modling NTG tablets. |
|
Definition
1) lactose
2) polyethylene glycol |
|
|
Term
| How do chewing gums such as nicorette deliver nicotine? |
|
Definition
| nicotine bound to a cation exchange resin |
|
|
Term
| Lollipops are essentially ______ on a stick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the very lipophillic, high hepatic and intestinal first pass lollipop used for pain? |
|
Definition
| fetanyl citrate lollipop - actiq |
|
|
Term
| What characteristic of mucoadhesive tablets helps keep it in place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of mucoadhesive excipients? |
|
Definition
1) striant - testosterone buccal system
2) nitrogard - prolonged form of nitroglycerin |
|
|
Term
True or False
--
All orally disintegrating tablets are meant for GI absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are orally disintegrating tablets prepared? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ophthalmic drug delivery is meant for ____ use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of products for ophthalmic deliver are ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some common conditions treated by ophthalmic topical drugs are ____ |
|
Definition
1) glaucoma
2) infections
3) inflammation
4) dry eyes |
|
|
Term
| The eye wall of the eyeball consists of which three concentric layers? |
|
Definition
1) outermost - conjunctiva/sclera and cornea
2) middle - uveal tract (chorioid, ciliary body, and iris)
3) innermost - retina |
|
|
Term
| How are the insides of the eyeball divided? |
|
Definition
| by the lens - into the aqueous and vitreous humors |
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate volume in the anterior chamber of the aqueous humor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exit of the aqueous humor into the systemic circulation is mainly through _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thin, transparent, vascularized mucous membrane that extends from the edge of the cornea, across a portion of the sclera, then extends to the internal surface of the eyelids to form the conjunctival sacs |
|
|
Term
| What glands are responsible for tear production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pumping mechanism to the lacrimal canaliculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major drug target areas of ophthalmic drugs? |
|
Definition
pre-ocular structures
cornea
tissues in the anterior segment
tissues in the posterior segment |
|
|
Term
| The tear film of the cornea has what three layers? |
|
Definition
1) mucoid layer
2) tear fluid
3) lipid film |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lipid film in the tear film? |
|
Definition
| reduces evaporation of the tear fluid |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the components of tear fluid? |
|
Definition
| aqueous solution of inorganic electrolytes, proteins, and glucose |
|
|
Term
| What are the disparate layers of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| epithelium, bowman's membrane, stroma, decemets membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important layers for drug absorption? |
|
Definition
| epithelium, stroma, and endothelium |
|
|
Term
| What are the squamous cells on the surface of the corenal epithelium surrounded by? |
|
Definition
| surrounded by tight junctions and have microvilli |
|
|
Term
| What is the main barrier for drug passage through the cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stroma composed of? |
|
Definition
| about 60 thin lamella, each composed of collagen fibers - and mostly water |
|
|
Term
| What is the single cell layer that provides metabolic exchange between the cornea and the aqueous humor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
--
In transcorneal drug absorption, about 15% of the does (instilled as drops) will cross the cornea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the possible fates of the drops applied to the eye? |
|
Definition
1) spillage
2) removal by nasolacrimal drainage
3) enzymatic degradation
4) conjunctival permeation followed by systemic absorption |
|
|
Term
| After crossing the cornea, where are the greatest concentrations usually achieved? |
|
Definition
| Within the aqueous humor in the anterior region of the eye |
|
|
Term
| What types of drugs can bind to melanin in the iris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than the aqueous humor turnover - where can drugs enter the systemic circulation in the eye? |
|
Definition
| through the uveal blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What are the two routes of systemic absorption of topical ophthalmic? |
|
Definition
1) absorption through tissues encountered following nasolacrimal drainage
2) absorption through blood vessels in the conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
True or False
--
A significant fraction of topical ophthalmics can be systemically absorbed in the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is more permeable than the cornea and covers a much greater surface area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over ___% of the instilled dose can be systemically absorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some important organisms to be concerned about in terms of ophthalmic sterility? |
|
Definition
1) pseudomonas aeruginosa
2) staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans, aspergilus niger, escherichia coli |
|
|
Term
| What is the most widely used antimicrobial preservative in ophthalmic applications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some other important excipients in ophthalmic applications? |
|
Definition
1) polyquad
2) thimerosal
3) chlorobutanol
4) oxidants |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal pH of tears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
--
Tear film has a very limited buffer capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are ophthalmic buffers chosen? |
|
Definition
| based on compatibility with the drug product and on desired pH |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal osmolarity of tears? |
|
Definition
| between 302 and 318 mOsm/kg |
|
|
Term
| What factor in ophthalmic drugs is very important for comfort - and drugs out of this characteristic range can irritate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of increased viscosity in ophthalmic drugs? |
|
Definition
| increase retention time/reduced drainage rate |
|
|
Term
| Name some ophthalmic viscosity modifiers |
|
Definition
glycerin
cellulose derivatives
polyvinyl alcohol
PEGs |
|
|
Term
| Eyedrops are sterilized by either ____ or _____ filtrate |
|
Definition
sterilize
membrane filtration |
|
|
Term
| In formulation of eyedrop suspensions, particle size should be less than ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
--
Ophthalmic suspensions do no provide a drug depot, but mix with tears less rapidly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some antioxidents in eyedrops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are surfactants such as polysorbate and tyloxapol used in eyedrop suspensions? |
|
Definition
| used as wetting agents for suspensions and can facilitate spreading of the drops |
|
|
Term
| What are the main advantages and disadvantages of semisolid ophthalmics? |
|
Definition
advantage - prolonged contact time
disadvantage - can cause blurred vision and matting of eyelid |
|
|
Term
| How are semisolid ophthalmics sterilized? |
|
Definition
| first using heat, then filtered while molten - the sterilized drug is added and excipients aseptically |
|
|
Term
| When using eyedrops - while eyelid is closed, apply gentle pressure against inner corner of eye for at least ___ seconds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When using two different medications - use at least __ minutes apart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
--
When compounding ophthalmics, it is performed with the same precautions as for parenterals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a gel former used in ophthalmics? |
|
Definition
|
|
