Term
| Ureteric Bud Regulation and what it forms |
|
Definition
WT-1
GDNF
c-RET
Collecting duct down to ureter |
|
|
Term
| Metenephric mesynchyme Regulation and what it forms |
|
Definition
FGF2
BMP
WNT11
Glomerulus to DCT |
|
|
Term
| Facultative intracellular bugs |
|
Definition
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY
Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules
S. pneumo (S. agalactia)
Klebsiella
H. flu
Pseudomonas
N. Meningitis
Cryptococcus neoformins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PLACESS
Pseudomonas
Lysteria
Actinomyces
Candida
E. coli
S. aureus
Serratia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PHUNCKSS
Proteaus
H. pylori
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Cryptococcus
Klebsiella
Staph Saprophyticus
Staph Epidermids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Newborn: S. agalactia/ E.coli
Child: RSV/hMPV/parainfluenza....Mycoplasma
<40: Mycoplasma/Clostridium/S. pneumo
>40: S. pneumonia/H. flu/Influenza
Special:
Nosocomial/Post viral: s aureus
HIV: pneumocystis jiroveci
Aspiration: Anaerobes
Alcoholics: Klebsiella
Cystic Fibrosis: Pseudomonas
Water cooling systems: Legionella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Newborn: S. agalactia, E. coli (K1), Listeria
<5: S. pneumonia/N. meningitis/H. flu
Young Adult: N. meningitidis (army, college)
Adult: S. pneumo
>60: S. pneumona
HIV: cryptococcus/CMV/tosoplasmos/JC virus |
|
|
Term
Rashes
1. Sand Paper not on palms or soles
2. Rose Spots on abdomen
3. erythema chronicum migrans
4. Palms and Soles (maculopapular) COPPER COLOR
5. Rash Start on wrist->palms and soles
6. Maculopapular rash starting central and spreads spearing face/palms/soles
7. Asynchronous macule/papular rash on face and trunk
8. Lacy body rash sparing face after FV resolves
9. Slapped cheeks
10 Rash of unknown origin
11. Rash begins on face, progresses to torso
12. spots to rash that begins on face, progresses to torso (rash is last)
13. Rash on palms and soles with no bacteria origin |
|
Definition
1. sand paper= Scarlet FV (S. pyogenes)
2. Rose spots= S. typhi
3. ECM- Borrelia burgdorfei (bulls eye)
4. treponema pallidum
5. Rickettsia rickettsii
6. R. typhi
7. VZV
8. HHV6 (Roseola, exanthem subitum)
9. Parvovirus (Fifths, erythema infectiosum)
10. Echoviruses
11. Rubella (german measles)
12. measles
13. Coxsackie |
|
|
Term
Food Poisoning/infx
Canned food/honey
Rice/chinese restaurants
Cream, Mayo
Mik/cheese/hotdogs
Undercooked Hamburger
Chicken
unpasteurized milk
Wild Game Meat (Bear)
Shellfish
Contaminated seafood
Reheated meat dishes
Chicken/Eggs |
|
Definition
Canned foods/honey- Clostridium. botulinum
Rice/Chinese- Bacillus cereus
Cream/Mayo- S. aureus
milk/cheese/hotdogs-Listeria
Hamburger-EHEC
Chicken- Campylobacter jejuni
unpasteurized milk- Brucella (undulant)
Wild Game- Trichinella spiralis
Shellfish-Norwalk virus
Contaminated seafood- Vibrio parahaemolytics
Reheated meat dishes- Clostridium perfringens
Eggs-Salmonella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neisseria
Campylobacter
Vibrio Cholerae
Pseudomonas
H. pylori
B. pertussis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood vs. Water
C. jejuni (foul smell, S shape)
EIEC- Invades Puss
EHEC-(non-invasive)
Shigella- puss 10^1
Salmonella-water to blood (motile)
Y. eneterocolitica (very yount- day care)
Entamoeba histolytica- puss
Water
Norwalk- watery can walk
Adenovirus- water
ETEC-Traveler (ST/LT)
EPEC- #2 infants
Cholera- watery rice diarrhe
C.difficile (pseudomembranes)
C. perfringens
Cryptosporidium
Giardia - fatty smelling
S. typhi - pea soup
Reovirus - watery can't walk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Giardia
Trichomonas
Leishmania
Trypanosoma |
|
|
Term
Parasite helminths Q's
1. Brain cyst, seizures
2. Liver cysts
3. B12 deficiency
4. Biliary Tract disease/cholangiocarcinoma
5. Hemoptysis
6. Portal HTN/ (spleen and liver inflammation)
7. Hematuria/bladder cancer
8. Microcytic anemia
9. perianal pruritis
10. Cyst in Muscle with periorbital edema
11. Exit from lower extremities
12. Blackflies causing River blindness
13. worm crawling in conjuctiva/angioedmea
14. Elephantiasis
15. Visceral Larva Migrans |
|
Definition
1. Taenia solium (called cysticercosis)
2. Echinococcus granulosus
3. Diphyllobothrium latum
4. Clonorchis sinensis (undercooked fish)
5. Paragonimus westermani (undercooked crab)
6. Schistosoma mansoni
7. Schistosoma haematobium
8. Ancylostoma, Necator
9. Enterobius
10. Trichinella spiralis
11. Dracunculus medinensis
12. Onchocerca volvulus
13. Loa Loa
14. Wucherieria bancrofti
15. Toxocara canis |
|
|
Term
| Worms that penetrate skin |
|
Definition
Schistosoma
Strongyloides
Ancylostoma
Necator |
|
|
Term
Killed Viruses Vaccines
vs.
Live Vaccines |
|
Definition
Killed: Rabies/Influenze/Polio (salk)/A hep
Alive: Adenovirus/Polio (sabin)/small pox/Yellow fv/Nasla influenze
Recombinant: HBV/HPV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Hepadnavirus
2. Papillomavirus
3. Polyomavirus |
|
|
Term
| 5 top causes of the common cold |
|
Definition
Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
Adenovirus
Influenza
Coxsackie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
COP BR FAD
Coronavirus (+sense)
Orthomyxovirus
Paramyxoviruses
Bunyaviruses
Rhabdoviruses
Filoviruses
Arenaviruses
Deltavirus |
|
|
Term
Osteomylitis
1. Most
2. Sexually active
3. Diabetic/IV drugs
4. Sickle cell
5. Prosthetic Valve
6. Vertebral
7. Cat/Dog bite |
|
Definition
1. S. aureus
2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
3. Pseudomonas
4. Salmonella
5. S. aureus or S. epidermidis
6. TB
7. Pasteurella |
|
|
Term
UTI
1. Leading Cause
2. Sexually Active young women
3. large mucoid capsule
4. red pigment
5. nosocomial and drug resistant
6. Urease positive
7. Fruity odor |
|
Definition
1. E. coli
2. Staph saprophyticus
3. Klebsiella
4. Serratia marcescens
5. Enterobactor cloacae
6. Proteus Mirabilis
7. Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
Bug hints:
1. pus, empyema, abscess
2. Traumatic open wound
3. Surgical wound
4. Health care provider
5. Neutropenic patient
6. B/L Bells |
|
Definition
1. S. aureus
2. Clostridium perfringens
3. S. aureus
4. HBV (needle stick)
5. Systemic Candida/Aspergillus
6. Borrellia |
|
|
Term
Lymph Drainage
1. upper ling/breast
2. stomach
3. duodenum/jejunum
4. sigmoid colon
5. rectum (above the pectinate)
6. anal canal (below pectinate)
7. testes/post abdominal wall/kidney/ovaries
8. Scrotom
9. Superficial thigh
10. Lateral side of dorsum of foot |
|
Definition
1. Axillary
2. Celiac
3. Superior mesenteric
4. Colic-inferior mesenteric
5. Internal iliac
6. superficial inguinal
7. PARA AORTIC
8. Superficial inguinal
9. superficial inguinal
10. popliteal |
|
|
Term
HLA subtypes
1. A3
2. B27
3. B8
4. DR2
5. DR3
6. DR4
7. DR5
8. DR7
9. DQ2/8 |
|
Definition
1. Hemochromatosis
2. PAIR psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, Reiters
3. Graves
4. MS, hay FV, SLE, goodpastures
5. DM1
6. RA, DM1
7. Pernicious anemia, Hashimoto
8. Steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome (min change)
9. Celiacs |
|
|
Term
T independent B-cell activation
Mitogen
Non-protein (LPS) |
|
Definition
1. Does not bind B cell receptor
2. Binds B cell receptor and so is antigen specific |
|
|
Term
Complement binds what on antigen
Macrophage bind what on antigen
Idiotype=
Allotype=
Isotype=
Which antigens have 4 Ch domains
Papain makes what |
|
Definition
Ch2 region
Fc portion
Hypervariable region-different from person/person
Differences of constant regions-vary in species
Isotype-IgM/IgG=shared across species
IgM and IgE
2 Fabs/1 FC |
|
|
Term
Antibodies Q's
1. Classical complement
2. Mannos-binding lectin
3. ADCC (NK's)
4. ADCC Eosinophils |
|
Definition
1. G and M
2. A
3. G binds CD16
4. E |
|
|
Term
1. Complements which are used in viral neutralization
2. C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
3. C3 deficiency
4. C5-C9 deficiency
5. DAF |
|
Definition
1. C1,2,3,4
2. Hereditary angioedema/HUS
3. Severe pyogenic sinus and respiratory infx. increase TIII hypersensitivity
4. Neisseria
5. PNH |
|
|
Term
| 5 microbial antigen variation mechanisms |
|
Definition
1. salmonella - 2 flagellar varients
2. Borrelia - relapsing fv
3. Neisseria gonorrhoeae- pilus protein
4. Influenza - drifts/shifts
5. Trypanosomes - programmed rearrangements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. IgE crosslinks mast/basophils- release
Histamine and serotonin(permeabiltiy and vasodilation
Leukotriens- bronchoconstriciton
ECFA- eosinophils: aryl sulfatase/histamine/PAF/LTC4(overactivates mast cells)
2. IgM and IgG fix antigen leading to lysis or phagocytosis
a. opsinizes and activates compliment
b. neutrophils/macroph/eosinophil direct tissue damage
c. Bind to normal cellular receptors and interfere w function
3. Antingen antibody (IgG) complexes and activates complement attracting neutrophils to release lysosomal enzymes
4. Delayed T cell mediated releasing lympokines |
|
|
Term
| Tests for each hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
1. Scratch test/radioimmmunosorbent assay
2. direct/indirect coombs
3. immunofluorescent staining
4. patch test/PPD |
|
|
Term
Pathogenesis of B cells loss
1. Bacteria
2. Viral
3. Parasites |
|
Definition
1. Encapsulated
2. Enteroviruses
3. Giardiasis |
|
|
Term
Pathogenesis of T cells loss
1. Bacteria
2. Virus
3. Other |
|
Definition
1. Sepsis
2. CMV,EBV, VZV
3. Candida,PCP |
|
|
Term
Pathogenesis of Granulocyte loss (neutrophils
1. Bacteria
2. Viral
3. Fungi/parasites |
|
Definition
1. Staph, nocardia, serratia
2. none
3. Candida/aspergillus |
|
|
Term
Transplant Rejection MOA
1. Hyperacute
2. Acute
3. Chronic
4. GvsH |
|
Definition
1. Type 2 hypersensitivity (ABO) causing ischemia and necrosis in graft. Preformed Anti-donor antibodies.Humoral
2. CMI CTL's against foreign MHCs (reverse with immunosuppresents)CD8
3. MHC from graft presents graft antigen which CTL thinks is a MHC self. So it destroys it causing fibrosis of graft tissue
4. Immunocompromised host. CD8 from graft attack host. Think Bone Marrow transplants |
|
|
Term
Mediators of Leukocyte extravasation
1. Margination
2. Rolling
3. Tight Binding
4. Diapedesis
5. Migration |
|
Definition
Vasculature Leukocyte
1. Increase flow
2. (TNF/IL1) E selectin Sialyl Lewis
Wiebel Palade/ P selectin
3. (TNF/IL1) VCAM1 (C5a,LTB4) LFA1
ICAM1
4. PECAM1 PECAM1
5. CILK Various |
|
|
Term
| Oncogene Transcription Factors |
|
Definition
L myc- lung tumor
N myc- Neuroblastoma
c myc- Burkitts |
|
|
Term
| Oncogene Signal Transduction |
|
Definition
Ras (GTP) Colon carcinoma
abl (tyrosine kinase) CML |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ERB-B2- Breast, Ovarian, Gastric
Ret- MEN 2A 2B
KIT- Gastrointestinal stromal tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tumor Suppressor Genes-
1. 5q
2. 9p
3. 11p
4. 13q |
|
Definition
1. APC - Colorectal (FAP)
2. p16- melanoma
3. WT1 - Wilms
4. Rb- Retinoblastoma/osteosarcoma
BRCA2- breast cancer in men |
|
|
Term
Tumor suppressors
1. 17p
2. 17q
3. 18q
4 22q |
|
Definition
1.p53- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
2 BRCA1- Breast and Ovarian cancer
NF1- Neurofibromatosis 1
3. DPC- Pancreatic
DCC- Colon cancer
4. NF2- neurofibromatosis |
|
|
Term
| CEA tumor marker produced by |
|
Definition
Colorectal
Pancreatic
Gastric
Breast
Thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Melanoma
Astrocytoma
Neural tumors
Langerhans histiocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Alkaline phosphatase produced by |
|
Definition
Bone mets
Paget's disease
Obstructive biliary disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neuroblastoma
Lung
Gastric |
|
|
Term
Chemical Carcinogens Toxins
1. Aflatoxins
2. Vinyl Chloride
3. CCl4
4. Nitrosamines
5. Cigarette
6. Arsenic
7. Naphthalene dyes
8. Alkylating agents |
|
Definition
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma
2. Angiosarcoma
3. Centrilobular necrosis (fatty changes)
4. Gastric cancer
5. Larynx, Lung, Kidney, Bladder
6. Skin (squamous), angiosarcoma
7. Transitional Cell carcinoma
8. Leukemia/lymphoma |
|
|
Term
Paraneoplastic
1. ACTH/ADH
2. PTH
3. EPO
4. Anti-Ca2+ (lambert-eaton)
5. Hyperuricemia |
|
Definition
1. Small cell lung carcinoma
2. Squamous lung, RCC, breast
3. RCC, HCC, hemangioblastoma, Pheochromocytoma
4. Thymoma and small cell carcinoma
5. Leukemias, Lymphomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PT Barnum Loves Bone
Prostate (blastic)
Breast (lytic/blastic)
Lung (lytic)
Thoroid
Testis
Kidney |
|
|
Term
| Most Common Met Sides (Breast goes to all these sites) |
|
Definition
| Lungs, Bone, Liver, Brain |
|
|
Term
Phase 1 metabolism
1. Reactions
2. Yield
3. What patients lose phase 1
Phase 2
1. Reactions
2. Yields
Who are slow acetylators |
|
Definition
Phase 1 (P450)
1. reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis
2. Slightly polar, water soluble
3. Geriatric
Phase 2 Conjugation
1. Glucuronidation, Acetylation, Sulfation
2. Very polar, and inactive
Slow acetylators have greater side effects of drugs due to decreased rate of metabolism. Risk of SLE drug induced problems |
|
|
Term
Autonomic Blockers
1. Uptake
2. Into Vesicle
3. Release
4. Block Reuptake
5. Increase release |
|
Definition
1. Hemicholinium Metyrosine
2. Vesamicol Reserpine
3. Botulinum Guanethidine
4. Cocain, Amphetamine, TCAs
5. Amphetamines |
|
|
Term
| What increases and decreases contractility |
|
Definition
1. Increased by
Catecholamines (B1 agonist)
Intracellular calcium
decreased extracellular sodium (loss of exchanger)
Digitalis
2. Decrease
B1 blockade
Heart Failure
Acidosis/hypoxia
CCB |
|
|
Term
| What increases and decreases preload |
|
Definition
1. Increase
Transfusion
Pregnancy
ADH/Aldosterone
Vasoconstrictors
2. Decrease
Hypotension
Venodilators |
|
|
Term
| What increases and decrease afterload |
|
Definition
1. Increase
TPR
stenosis, vasopressor
Heart size
Tension
2. Decrease
Vasodilator
Sepsis |
|
|
Term
Drugs which decrease mortality in CHF
Supportive drugs |
|
Definition
1. ACE-,B-blockers,ARBS, Spironolactone
2. Thiazides, Loops, Nitrates, Digitoxin |
|
|
Term
Vascular Tumors
1. Bening hemangioma of children
2. Benign hemangioma of elderly
3. polypoid pregnancy hemangioma that ulcerate
4. Cavernous hemangioma of the neck (ass/w)
5. Red blue tumor of fingernail
6. Skin capillary papules in AIDS caused by Bartonella
7. Liver malignancy: vinyl chloride/arsenic/ThO2
8. Persistent lymphedema (ass w)
9. Endothelial malignancy in HIV
10. Hyper estrogen blanching lesion
11. venous malformation in cavernous spacess in skin
12. Dilation of skin and mucous capillaries w/epistaxis/GI bleed |
|
Definition
1. Strawberry hemangioma
2. cherry hemangioma
3. Pyogenic granuloma
4. Cystic Hygroma (Turners)
5. Glomus Tumor
6. Bacillary angiomatosis
7. Angiosarcoma
8. Lymphangiosarcoma
9. Kaposi's sarcoma
10. Spider telangiectasia
11. Cavernous hemangioma (Von Hippel Lindau)
12. Hereditary Hemorrhagic telengiectasia (Osler Weber Randu) |
|
|
Term
Ketoacidosis
1. Sx
2. Labs
3. Complications
4. Tx: |
|
Definition
1. Kussmaul respirations, abdominal pain, psychosis, vomiting, delirium, dehydration, fruity breath
2. Hyperglycemia, Increase hydrogen, decrease HCO3-, Leukocytosis, hyperkalemia (shift), decrease Na+
3. Rhizopus infection, cerebel edema, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure
4. fluids, IV insulin, K+, glucose to prevent hypoglycemia |
|
|
