Term
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Definition
| a general kind of nucelotide with a two ring structure - includes Adenine and Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
| a general kind of nucelotide with a single ring structure - includes Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| the linkage between two sugars in the backbone of a nucleic acid molecule |
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Term
| semiconservative model / semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| DNA replication in which each strand of the original duplex serves as a template for construction of a totally new complementary strand, so the original duplex is partially conserved in each of the two new DNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| any group of enzymes that unwind the two DNA strands in a double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primers required by DNA polymerases |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme primarily responsible for removing primers |
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Term
| DNA polymerase II (Pol II) |
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Definition
| enzyme primarily responsible for proofreading DNA strands (removes and replaces mismatched base pairs) |
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Term
| DNA polymerase III (Pol III) |
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Definition
| enzyme primarily responsible for synthesis of new DNA strands |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme responsible for joining the ends of DNA segments |
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Term
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Definition
| the DNA strand that must be synthesized discontinuously because of the 5'-3' directionality of DNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| a short segment of DNA produced by the discontinuous replication on the lagging strand |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized non-transcribed structure that caps each chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| it mitosis and meiosis II , the stage initiated by the separation of the sister chromatids - in meiosis I, the stage initiated by the separation of the homologous chromsomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The unrestrained growth and division of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromsome |
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Term
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Definition
| a single linear DNA molecule and associated proteins (condensed chromatin) |
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Term
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Definition
| in anaphase I of meiosis I, the exchange of corresponding chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division |
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Term
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Definition
| Having two sets of Chromosomes (2N) |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of the cell cycle after cytokinesis and before replication - the primary growth phase of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of the cell cycle between DNA replication and mitosis - during which the cell completes preparation for mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploid reproductive cells (in humans sperm or egg cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Having only one set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a pair of chromosomes of the same kind located in a diploid cell |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe all of the events of the cell cycle prior to mitosis (includes G1, S, and G2) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cell division that involves two sets of division and results in the production of four non-identical haploid cells (gametes) |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of mitosis or meiosis in which chromosomes come to line in the cells equatorial plane |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that monitors DNA integrity - it either initiates DNA repair so that S phase can proceed, or halts cell division of the damage is too great - defects are associated with cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of cell division that begins when chromosomes condense and become visible and the nuclear envelope breaks down |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the cells of a multicellular organism except those that are destined to form gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase of cell division during which the nuclear envelope of each of the new daughter cells starts to reform and the chromosomes begin to uncoil |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme catalyzed assembly of an RNA molecule complementary to a strand of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the assembly of a protein on the ribosomes, using mRNA to specify the order of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| the DNA strand that is used as a template in transcription - this strand is copied to produce a complementary mRNA transcript |
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Term
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Definition
| the strand of a DNA duplex that is the same as the RNA encoded by the gene - this strand is not used as a template in transcription, it is complementary to the template |
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Term
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Definition
| the RNA transcribed from structural genes; RNA molecules complementary to a portion of one strand of DNA, which are translated by the ribosomes to form a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the class of RNA molecules found in ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the small class of RNA molecule with two functional sites; at one site, an 'activating enyzme' adds a specific amino acid, while the other site carries the nucleotide triplet (anticodon) specific for that amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic unit of the genetic code; a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that codes for one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent that induces changes in DNA (mutations) |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the three codons UAA,UAG, and UGA, that indicated the point at which mRNA translation is to be terminated |
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Term
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Definition
| the AUG triplet, which indicates the site of the beginning of mRNA translation; this codon also codes for the amino acid methionine |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the fact that some amino acids are specified by more than one codon |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the assembly of an mRNA molecule, the sequence of which is complementary to a DNA molecule used as a template |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA sequence that provides a recognition and attachment site for RNA polymerase to begin the process of gene transcription; it is located upstream from the transcription start site |
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Term
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Definition
| the signal recognized by RNA polymerase that ends transcription |
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Term
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
| any of a group of enzymes that attach specific amino acids to the correct tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids during translation |
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Term
| base substitution mutation |
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Definition
| the substitution of one base pair for another in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the early termination of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation in which a base is added or deleted from a sequence of DNA |
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