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Definition
| proves heredity is molecular |
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proved DNA (not proteins) carries heredity
experiment not widely accepted globally |
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Definition
| proved 100% that dna carries genetic information |
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Definition
| analyzed various dna molecules and found that the % of adenine= % of thymine and % of guanine= % of cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
took famious first ever X-ray image of dna from "above" which showed
1) helix about a central axis
2) its 2 nanometers wide
3) each nucleotide is 0.34 nm apart
4) a full twist is every 3.4 nm |
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Term
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Definition
prove dna structure
purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine |
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Term
| semi-conservative replication |
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Definition
| creates 2 exact replicate dsDNA from 1 and each "daughter strand" is half original nucleotides and half new nucleotides |
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Definition
| enzyme called "heliocase" attaches at an origin and moves along dna, breaking H-bonds |
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Definition
| single strand bonding proteins follow heliocase and keep strands separate so they don't H-bond back together |
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Definition
| an enzyme called "primase" adds a small stretch of ssRNA to some ssDNA at the origin |
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Definition
| the leading strand: an enzyme called dna polymerase attaches to the prime region and follows the direction of replication |
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Definition
| the lagging strand: the strand that dna polymerase works away from in the direction of replication |
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Definition
| cut out wrong nucleotides and replace with correct one ( makes sure there are no errors) |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA nucleotides that (almost always) codes for the production of a specific protein |
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Definition
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Definition
ribonucleic acid
single stranded (not a double helix) and comes in a wide variety of shapes and sizes
does not contain thymine, but uracil instead |
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Term
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Definition
| carries information from gene to ribosomes |
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Definition
| carries amino acid to ribosomoes |
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Definition
| non-coding: only part of ribosome structure |
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Term
DNA template:
TAC GCG TAA ATC
convert to mRNA transcript |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| triplet code that requires 3 mRNA nucleotides to signal specific amino acid |
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Definition
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Definition
| 3-base sequence in tRNA that compliments a codon |
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Definition
| step in translation in which mRNA and a small ribosome subunit link up in cytoplasm with the start codon centered over small subunit. first tRNA base painrs with the start codon. large subunit attaches so first tRNA is in P site. (A site is empty) |
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Term
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Definition
| step in translation when tRNA moves into the A site and base pairs codon to anti-codon. an enzyme links the 2 amino acids and breaks P site amino acid off of its tRNA so A site tRNA holds the growing protein. the mRNA is moved 3 bases along ribosome which causes P-site tRNA to leave and A site tRNA to move to P site and A site is empty |
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Definition
| step in translation when stop codon causes release factor to attach to A site and next 3 base move of ribosome causes the entire complex to break up |
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Definition
| a change/alteration in DNA passed onto offsping because of the accuracy of replication |
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Definition
| base substitution with no effect. new base still produces a codon that codes for the amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| base substitution with effect. results in a codon that codes for a new amino acid |
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Definition
| substitution with effect. changes a codon with a stop codon. CAN be very damaging |
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frame shift that adds a base
mutates every codon downstream of the point |
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frameshift that removes a base
mutates every codon downstream of the point |
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Definition
| a chemical that causes mutations |
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Definition
| a chemical that causes mutations that lead to cancer |
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Definition
| non-coding stretches of DNa within Eukaryotic genes and some Archea |
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Term
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Definition
| coding regions of DNa within Eukaryotic genes |
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Term
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Definition
| uptake and expression of foreign DNA |
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