Term
| List the characteristics of DNA. |
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Definition
| 2 Strands. Each strand is connected by strong covalent bonds. Sugar-phosphate backbone. Nitrogen bases connect the 2 strands. 4 bases (A,C,T,G) |
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Term
| Describe the process of DNA Replication. |
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Definition
| 1. DNA Helicase - unwinds DNA and separates two strands 2. DNA Polymerase - adds complementary nucleotide to each strand 3. End up with 2 complete DNA double helix |
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Term
| What is the conversion factor for a complementary strand of DNA? |
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Definition
T and A switch
C and G switch |
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Term
| Describe the process of transcription. |
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Definition
| RNA Polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to one strand of DNA to create mRNA. Then mRNA leaves nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the role of mRNA? |
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Definition
| Its the messenger for RNA |
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Term
| What is the conversion factor for transcribing a DNA code into mRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of translation. |
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Definition
| mRNA attaches to a ribosome. tRNA complements codon on mRNA and carries amino acid on other end. |
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Term
| What is the role of tRNA. |
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Definition
| Has anticodon on one end that complements codon, and carries an amino acid on the other end. |
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Term
| Define the 3 types of mutation. |
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Definition
Substitution - one nucleotide is replaced by another.
Deletion - one nucleotide is left out.
Insertion - an extra nucleotide is added. |
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Term
| Define the four effects of mutations. |
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Definition
Silent - new codon codes for same amino acid.
Nonsense - new codon codes for stop.
Missense - new codon codes for a different amino acid.
Frameshift - codons are incorrectly grouped so amino acids are different. |
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Term
| When are mutations passed on to future generations? |
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Definition
| When the mutation occurs in the reproductive cells. |
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Term
| What are some ways in which stem cells are obtained? |
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Definition
| Embryonic, somatic, IPS, Theropuetic cloning |
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Term
| What is being done with stem cells? |
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Definition
| They are being used to treat disease. |
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Term
| List some uses of genetic engineering. |
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Definition
| Gene therapy, agricultural advancements, cloning, criminal investigators. |
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Term
| Advantages and disadvantages to genetic engineering. |
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Definition
| Better products, healthier people, less crime. Unsafe products and health risk. |
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