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nucleotide
examples: sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate (PO4-) |
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makes up rungs of the ladder
Purine (2 ring): adenine(A) guanine(G)
prymidine (1 ring): thymine(T) cytosine(C) |
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| sugar and phosphate make it up |
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double helix (twisted ladder)
antiparallel: equidistant but oriented in opposite directions |
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| orientation of the sides of the ladder |
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A + T bond together with 2H bonds
G + C bond together with 3H bonds |
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| DNA to DNA replication, DNA to mRNA transcription, mRNA to protein translation |
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| DNA to DNA, process of copying DNA, semi-conservative process |
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| origin of replication (DNA unit) |
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located along DNA
there are multiple
creates little bubbles in DNA |
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| DNA Helicase attaches to the origin of replication and unzips DNA by breaking H bonds |
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DNA polymerase attaches to the DNA and copies it:
1. READ: reads from 5 prime to 3 prime, following helicase (LEADING strand follows helicase), WHEN GOING AWAY FROM HELICASE (ON LAGGING STRANDS): read in fragments calld OKAZAKI BLOCKS, DNA ligase connects okazaki fragments. 2. match base pairs 3. proof read
300-500 base pairs per second |
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| connects okazaki fragments |
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| helicase detaches when it reaches a segment of DNA that is already unzipped. polymerase detaches when it reaches a segment of DNA that has already been copied. DNA ligase attaches all segments of DNA together |
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| enzyme that keeps DNA from tangling |
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goes from DNA to mRNA, mRNA is a copy of DNA so that the codes can travel around the cell without having the original copy destroyed.
DNA needs to stay in the nucleus because there are things in the cytoplasm that will destroy it. |
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| indicator as to where each gene starts |
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| transcription: initiation phase |
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| RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region. transcribe the DNA |
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| transcription: elongation phase |
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| RNA polymerase unzips DNA, read, match base pairs, and proof reads (slide 7 central dogma) |
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| RNA polymerase reads the terminator sequence and detaches from the DNA |
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removal of introns (none coding sequences)
parts that are kept are called exons
CAPPING AND TAILING |
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| extra bases/nucleotides that are added to the beginning and the end of the mRNA molecule to protect the actual code |
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sugar: ribose
phosphate: PO4-
nitrogen bases |
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purine: Adenine (A) AND Guanine (G)
pyrimidine: Uracil (U) AND cytosine (C ) |
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| what makes up the back bone of the RNA |
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| single helix: one strand of nucleotides |
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| mRNA: messenger RNA. tRNA: transfer RNA. rRNA ribosomal RNA |
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| produced during transcription, carries genetic code from DNA to the ribosome |
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| transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation |
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| processing of producing protein from mRNA (copies of DNA) |
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| ribosome comes together with the mRNA and reads the start codon (AUG) |
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| three base sequence on mRNA which codes for a specific amino acid (20 total) |
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1. codon enters the A-site (reading site): ribosome are reading the codons
2.tRNA with the corresponding anticodon brings the amino acid to the ribosome (64 types of tRNA)
3. amino acid is attached to the protein and the codon moves into the P site (holding site) |
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3 different stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA
reaches termination/stop codon and releases protein |
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