Shared Flashcard Set

Details

DMA 431 MIdterm
N/A
145
Audiology
Undergraduate 2
03/23/2015

Additional Audiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Blue Book
Definition
The specification for the enhanced CD format
Term
Orange Book
Definition
The specification for the enhanced CD-R format
Term
Green Book
Definition
The specification for the enhanced CD-I Format
Term
Red Book
Definition
Physical and data specification for compact audio disc

44.1 KHz
16bit
12cm
Term
Yellow Book
Definition
The specification for data compact ROM discs
Term
White Book
Definition
CD-Video. MPEG-1. VHS Quality
Term
Scarlet Book
Definition
SACD - Super Audio CD
Term
16 Bits
Definition
Word length for CD-Audio Discs
Term
24 Bits
Definition
Word Length for High Resolution/Definition discs
Term
44.1 kHz
Definition
Sample Rate for Red Book CD's
Term
96 kHz
Definition
Sample rate of a high definition audio
Term
2.8224 MHz
Definition
The sampling rate of Sony’s SACD (Super Audio CD) audio format and
Term
ADC
Definition
Analog to Digital Converter
Term
AES-EBU
Definition
A professional digital audio interface that allows up to 96 kHz/24-­‐bits 2-­ channels
Term
Aliasing
Definition
Unwanted frequencies that are the result of exceeding the Nyquist Frequency

Solution: a LPF (low pass filter) cutting all exceeding frequencies
Term
Auto Conform
Definition
1) the process of establishing edits to the video of a production, outputting a CMX list and applying those edits to the audio – the audio then automatically conforms to the video

2) syncing audio to video/picture using timecode
Term
Auto-­‐Scaling
Definition
makes it handy to edit quieter parts – it zooms in on the waveform
Term
Batch Process
Definition
ability to handle multiple conversions
Term
Binary
Definition
A two state counting system widely used in computing
Term
Bit
Definition
1) A single piece of information capable of containing two states, 2) Smallest unit in binary
Term
Bit Depth
Definition
Digital words – word size (one bit equals 6dB of amplitude)
Term
Black Burst
Definition
Also known as House Sync – 29.97 Hz
Term
Block
Definition
1) Sub code data elements that describe locations on a CD to 1/75 of a sec

2) The unit of time on a CD…equal to 1/75th of a second
Term
BNC
Definition
Connector type used in SDIF professional digital interface
Term
Burst Area
Definition
An area of a 1630 tape that stores the PQ data
Term
CLASP
Definition
Closed Loop Analog Signal Playback
Term
Coaxial
Definition
Cable configuration used in S/P DIF. A single hot lead and shield
Term
Crossfade
Definition
An edit that has one sound fading out & the other fading in
Term
DAC
Definition
– Digital to Analog Converter. Takes analog and creates digital words
Term
DAW
Definition
Digital Audio Workstation
Term
DDP
Definition
Data Disc Protocol. Alternate CD output Mastering format
Term
Decimal
Definition
Our normal 10 digital counting system
Term
DFTC
Definition
Drop Frame Time Code
Term
Digital Black
Definition
Absolute silence… all zeros in the digital words
Term
Digital clocks
Definition
are used to synchronize multiple pieces of hardware/software.

They allow systems to properly operate in conjunction with one another.
Term
Dither
Definition
Process of randomizing low order bits to “smooth” out low level noise
Term
DSD
Definition
Direct Streaming Digital. Type of digital encoding. It has a 2.228 MHz sampling rate and a 1-­‐bit word size. It is used in SACD format. DSD was created by Sony/Philips
o DSP – Digital Signal Processing
Term
DSP
Definition
Digital Signal Processing
Term
DVD-­‐14
Definition
A double sided DVD disc with one layer on one side and 2 layers on the other
Term
DXD
Definition
Digital Extreme Definition
Term
ECD
Definition
Compact discs with multimedia data
Term
EDL
Definition
Edit Decision List
Term
Foldback
Definition
A system routing component of a console used for musician cue8
Term
Foldover
Definition
Unwanted frequencies that are the result of exceeding the Nyquist Frequency
Term
Glass Master
Definition
An early step in the CD replication process cut by an LBR
Term
Hidden Track
Definition
1) A music track not indicated in the TOC of a CD

2) A CD track that doesn’t have a Track marker
Term
HPF
Definition
High Pass Filter. Used to reduce acoustic rumble
Term
Index
Definition
Part of the CD sub code spec that provides 100 random access points in a track
Term
Interleaved
Definition
one file with 2 channels in it – left & right (Stereo)
Term
Interpolation
Definition
In restoration, a process that removes clicks/pops by assuming what frequency belongs in place of the unwanted frequencies, and replaces it
Term
ISRC
Definition
International Standard Recording Code – part of the CD mastering process; metadata
Term
Jitter
Definition
Digital error which results from inexact sample timing – setting all systems to the same sample rate will fix jitter
Term
Linear
Definition
– Type of fade that has equal energy per unit time
Term
LPF
Definition
Low Pass Filter used in ADC to prevent foldover
Term
LSB
Definition
Least Significant Bit. End of a digital word that makes smallest changes
Term
MADI
Definition
A multichannel digital interface that allows serial transmission of up to 56 channels
Term
MSB
Definition
Most Significant Bit. End of a digital word that makes biggest changes
Term
MQA
Definition
Master Quality Authenticator -­‐ It’s the ability to get high bandwidth audio like 192 kHz/24 bit under 1000kbps

9200 kbps < 1000 kbps
Term
Noise Shaping
Definition
a process of moving noise to a higher frequency range in a 1-­‐bit system
Term
Nyquist Frequency
Definition
Highest Recordable Frequency is SR/2
Term
Nyquist Theorem
Definition
Established the relationship between sample rate and highest recordable frequency
Term
OORT
Definition
Out of real time
Term
OTM
Definition
Out to Master
Term
Parallel
Definition
Data transmission type that sends multiple packets/bit at a time
Term
PCM
Definition
Pulse Code Modulation. Method used to losslessly encode A to D
Term
PCM 1630 (Sony)
Definition
The hardware used in the creation of a U Matic CD Master with ADC & DACs
Term
PWM
Definition
Pulse Width Modulation. Modifies the pulse width transforms the change and the width of a pulse. 1 represents the modification of the width and 0 represent
Term
PQ
Definition
Sub code area used to identify tracks and indexes on a CD – P for tracks, Q for indices
Term
Pre Gap
Definition
1) An area of a Redbook disc that occurs before a track

2) An area of a CD that can contain data used for ECD

3) Time prior to the start of a tracks on a CD
Term
Quantization Error
Definition
1) Digital noise which results from inexact amplitude sampling

2) The longer the word length the lower the noise floor

3) Adding Dither to the LSB (Least Significant Bit) can fix Quantization Error
Term
Quantization Noise
Definition
Low level amplitude errors in digital audio encoding
Term
RCA
Definition
Connector type used in both analog mono and S/P DIF digital interface
Term
Reduction File
Definition
A computer file which contains the sound-­‐file display, 2) “.r” – a graphical representation of waveform that allows you to zoom in/out without re-­‐ rendering waveform analysis of file
Term
Ripple
Definition
– Editing component that moves the “post” edit sound. Like “shuffle” on Pro

Tools
Term
ROM
Definition
Read Only Memory. An optical disc type that stores data only
Term
Root-­‐Cosine
Definition
Type of fade that ensures equal “acoustic” levels
Term
RSTUVW
Definition
Sub code area on a CD that can contain MIDI, Graphics, etc.
Term
Rundown
Definition
The stage in CD premastering where the final output is reviewed
Term
S/P DIF
Definition
A coaxial consumer digital audio format that uses RCA connectors
Term
SCMS
Definition
Serial Copy Management System

making copies has to be at same sample rate.
Term
SDIF
Definition
A professional parallel digital audio transmission format
Term
Segue
Definition
(overlapping crossfades) crossfade between two different files/songs
Term
Serial
Definition
Data transmission type that sends one data packet/bit after
Term
Series
Definition
– Data transmission type that sends one data packet/bit after another
Term
Silence
Definition
Ambient silence… recording of “Room Tone”
Term
SNR
Definition
– Signal to Noise Ratio. The measure of dynamic range from loudest to softest signals
Term
SRC
Definition
Sample Rate Converter
Term
Stamper
Definition
A metal positive image of an optical disc used in replication
Term
Sub Code
Definition
1) Disc description processor. Used to identify tracks during mastering

2) Non music data area of a CD – contains about 20 megs
Term
Sum
Definition
A function found on audio consoles that allows you to select two sources simultaneously
Term
TOC
Definition
Table of Contents. Sub code of a CD that identifies all tracks on a disc
Term
TosLink
Definition
A consumer optical digital connection that provides stereo transmission at 48 kHz/24-­‐bits
Term
Track
Definition
1) Addressable locations on a CD disc – 0-­‐99 available

2) Part of the CD sub code spec that provides 100 (0-­‐99) random access points on a disc
Term
Word Clock
Definition
A master clock that establishes the sample rate of any digital piece of equipment
Term
Word
Definition
A collection of digital bits usually powers of two
Term
Word Size
Definition
bit depth (one bit equals 6dB of amplitude)
Term
XLR
Definition
Connector type used in AES-­‐EBU digital interface and balanced analog
Term
Lossy
Definition
Compressed. Missing data when decompressed.
Term
Loseless
Definition
Uncompressed
Term
PreGap
Definition
Time Prior to the start of a tracks on a CD
Term
DDP
Definition
Disc Description Protocol
Term
Foldback
Definition
A system of routing component of a console used for musicians cue
Term
Block
Definition
The unit of time on a CD = 1/75th sec
Term
Bit
Definition
Smallest unit in binary
Term
T/F

A Redbook CD has a sampling rate of 44.1 MHz and word length of 16 bits
Definition
F.

it has 44.1 kHz word length and 16 bits
Term
T/F

A DAC uses a LPF to remove all freq. above the Nyquist Freq.
Definition
T.
Term
T/F

S/P DIF is a coaxial digital transmittion standed taht uses RCA connectors
Definition
T.
Term
T/F

An EDL can display time in samples, timescode and blocks
Definition
F.
Term
T/F

Normalizing is an amplitude process that can be done in a single pass
Definition
F.
Term
T/F

A to D and D to A conversion both require the use of a HPF.
Definition
F.
Term
T/F

CD Mastering outputs a DDP, CD-R, Data file or SOny 1630 Umatic Tape
Definition
T.
Term
T/F

The CRMS adjusts the level going to the mixdown mahine
Definition
F.
Term
T/F

An audio waveform shows time vs. Frequency
Definition
F.
Term
T/F

A stereo effects return can handle both mics and lines
Definition
F.
Term
CMX List
Definition
Document that is the standarad file exchange formate for DAW's to Video
Term
Relative Gain Change
Definition
Adjusts gain structure of modified files (not original)
Term
Destructive Editing
Definition
Editing component that modifies original files, overwriting with the changes made (saves ram)
Term
Non-Destructive Editing
Definition
Editing component that allows one to make changes without affecting the original files (Stores changes in RAM)(Allows cue to UNDO)
Term
Destructive Editing
Definition
Editing component that modifies original files, overwriting with the changes made (saves ram)
Term
Non-Destructive Editing
Definition
Editing component that allows one to make changes without affecting the original files (Stores changes in RAM)(Allows cue to UNDO)
Term
3 Types of Sample Rate Conversion
Definition
1) Real TIme
2) Out of Real Time
3) Background Process
Term
Audio Restoration
Definition
The process of "rapairing" or "cleaning" up files that are damaged or have unwanted effects
Term
MP3 Bit Rates?
Definition
64 / 96 / 128/ 198 / 256 / 320 / 448 kbps
Term
Benefits of mp3 compression? (3)
Definition
1) Download/ Transfer speed
2) Storage capacity
3) Playback efficiency
Term
Redbook Quality?
Definition
750MB = 16BIT 44.1 kHz Stereo Raw PCM Data = 1411 kbps (uncompressed)
Term
4 types of audio formats?
Definition
.MP3 – Fraunhofer
.AAC – Apple Audio Coding
.ALAC – Apple Lossless Audio Codec
.FLAC – Free Loseless Audio Codec
Term
Infrasonic
Definition
Sound that is lower than 20 Hz
Term
Ultrasonic
Definition
Sound that is higher than 20 kHz
Term
Bandwidth of a CD?
Definition
1411 kbps or 10.6 mbpm
Term
Downmix
Definition
takes multiple channel mix (ex 5.1) reduces number of channel to stereo.
Term
DIscreet Mono
Definition
1 file for left, 1 file for right.

2 separate files.
Term
Sound Blade?
Definition
Mastering Program
Term
Bus
Definition
A method of combining/splitting signals
Term
Masking
Definition
Covering up others sounds with foreground. A form of data compression.
Term
Codec
Definition
Compression
Term
Stems
Definition
individual submix of a specific component of your project. Stems used to internationalize. Stereo pairs.
Term
MLP
Definition
Meridian Loseless Packing - Loselss PCM compression

became Dolby True HD
Term
P data
Definition
have up to 100 tracks tracks land switch between them


You can switch to a track and have it play within half second
Term
Q data
Definition
0-­‐99 indexes within any individual track.


You can jump between indexes just like tracks. The both contain locations for the data as well.
Term
Subcode
Definition
raw data on disc. Essentially data that allows a CD additional capabilities.

1) Music Data – data that is read and put through DAC to make music

2) Additional Data – various extra data for other purposes. P-­‐W data.
Term
Absolute Gain
Definition
sets to absolute value. If I do absolute gain


-3 for 3 different tracks,

all my tracks will be set to “-3”.
Term
Relative Gain
Definition
maintains the contour. If I do relative gain +3 for 3 different track
Term
RFP
Definition
Request for Proposal
Term
Digital Overage
Definition
When meter goes over 0
Term
0 VU ratio on digital is equivalent to
Definition
-13/-14 dB
Supporting users have an ad free experience!