Term
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Definition
-encompasses race, gender, disibility, sexual orientation, religion, SES, and other significant reference groups
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Term
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Definition
-biases in our "systems"; legal, policy, employment, health care, etc.
-"minority to majority shift"-demanding market change |
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Term
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Definition
-inherent biases in our professional approaches results in ethical and moral challenges
-inherent biases in our humanness can influence our professional approaches, quality of delivery, effectiveness |
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Term
How to attain Cultural Competence
S&S |
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Definition
-ACTIVE, developmental, on-going process
-Actively in process of incrs. awarenesss of his/her own assumptions about human bx., values, preconceived notions, personal limitations
-Actively attempts to understand the worldview of his/her culturally diff. client
-Actively dvlping & practing, appropriate, relevant, sensitive intervention strategies & skills in working w/his/her culturally diff. client. |
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Term
| Multidimensional Model of Cultural Competence (S&S Model) |
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Definition
-3 dimensions: group-specific, cultural competence components, therapeutic intervention foci
-4 focal points: individual, professional, organizational, societal |
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Term
| Ethnocentric Monoculturalism |
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Definition
-your culture is the correct superior way, the truth
-other cultures are inferior
-institutional manifestation= practices and organizations that hurt others in a certain way
-invisible veil=unintentional racism; no one wants to be racist but socialized in someway to have some biases, with no intention |
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Term
| Collins Psychological Mindset Model |
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Definition
-5 sets: Problem Solving, Consistency, Identity, Economic, Authority
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Term
Collins Psychological Mindset Model
Problem Solving Set |
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Definition
type of info you hold, they view valuable to real world situations; what can I do? Problem solving focus and we have the key to the info
-information orientation
-p. 95-6
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Term
Collins Psychological Mindset Model
Consistency Set |
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Definition
attracted bc they are consistent to what you are giving; are you consistent? Call back at an appropriate time, be there on time
-when a person's attitudes, opinions, or beliefs are met with disagreement, cognitive dissonance will be created
-p. 96-7 S&S
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Term
Collins Psychological Mindset Model
Identity Set |
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Definition
you are a representative of a group the consumer identifies; results are mixed with same/same group-accounts for inconsistency individuals may be in a different place on the continuum therefore it depends on how consumers connect
-p. 96-7
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Term
Collins Psychological Mindset Model
Economic Set |
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Definition
exchange relationship, rewards or punishment; ex. Probation or parole person
-assures behavioral compliance but doesn't guarantee private acceptance
-p. 97
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Term
Collins Psychological Mindset Model
Authority Set |
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Definition
prescription to make them feel better; give you the benefit of the doubt that you have the authority to demand something of them
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Term
| Definition of Cultural Competence |
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Definition
-p. 46 S&S
-the ability to engage in actions or create conditions that maximize the optimal development of a clt and clt systems |
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Term
| Definition of Multicultural Counseling Competence |
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Definition
-p. 46 S&S
-the counselor's acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society, and on a organizational/societyal level, advocating effectively to develop new theories, practices, policies, and organizational structures that are more responsive to all groups |
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Term
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Definition
-Brief everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to target group. Often subtle, verbal, behavioral, visual; often automatic and unconscious; can be intentional or unintentional
-occur in situations where there are alternative explanations
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Term
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Definition
-Blatant verbal, nonverbal, environmental attack intended to convey discriminatory & biased sentiments
-ex. KKK, derogatory slang
-p.111
-often occurs with some degree of anonymity and with a group who shares similar views
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Term
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Definition
-p. 111
-Unintentional bx’s or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a persons racial heritage identity, gender identity, or sexual orientation identity
-ex. men calling women "sweetie" or "girl" when waiting tables, "I have a lot of friends who are (insert here)" it minimizes what the victim is feeling
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Term
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Definition
-Verbal comments or bx’s that exclude or negate, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experienced reality of the target group.
-ex. you wouldn't understand because you are a (insert here)
-p. 112
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Term
4 Dilemmas of Microaggressions
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Definition
-p. 112-121
-1: Clash of Racial Realities=perceptions held by the dominant group differ sig. from those of marginalized groups
-2: Invisiblity of Unintentional Expressions of Bias=microaggression is essentially invisible; creates psychological dilemma
-3: Perceived Minimal Harm of Microaggression= perps are confronted about M.A.s they accuse the victim of overacting /hypersensitive
-4: The Catch-22 of Responding to M.A.s=responding to M.A. can have negative consequences for the victim
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Term
| Why is implicit bias so important? |
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Definition
-viewed as a presupposition to underlying explanation and motives of aversive racism
-understanding and addressing holds promise of dismantling and not just explaining
-can be measured using indirect methods instead of self-report
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Term
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Definition
-p. 140
-Stonequist (1937) refers to a person's inability to form dual ethnic identification bc of bicultural membership |
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Term
Implicit Bias
2 Processes |
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Definition
-implicit attitudes are believed to stem from the associative system.
-automatic- little or not conscious thought
-controlled- using some conscious thought
-rule based system=memory; social attitudes that you express to others, conscious intentional process; logical and language based; takes effort
-associative system=accounts for unconscious attitudes and ones were not aware of; effortless, automatic, just happens, happens through repetition; experience based; concept associations=ex. At young age exposed to stereotypic behavior or word, and it’s reinforced over and over to where it becomes conditioned ; explains implicit attitudes |
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Term
| How do we control or decrease implicit bias? |
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Definition
Become more aware of and become intentional with specific bx’s related to implicit bias (making eye contact, smiling, maintaining open posture, speak fluidly). Focus on awareness of socially awkward bx’s with goal of controlling. attitude
Close contact with a social group over extended time results in lower implicit bias toward the group
-changing patterns of thought
-placing targets of bias in context
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Term
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Definition
The belief system and value orientations that influence customs, norms, practices, & social institutions, including psychological processes (language, care taking, education) and organizations.
Acknowledges that all individuals are cultural beings & have a cultural, ethnic, racial heritage
Culture encompasses a way of living that is informed by the historical, economic, ecological & political forces on a group
Culture is fluid and dynamic
There are universal and specific constructs within and between cultures |
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Term
| How is therapy influenced by the social cultural context? |
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Definition
Values of the White Euro-American culture.
Values of the middle- and upper-class.
Shofield (1964): therapists like better clients with the YAVIS Syndrome: Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent, and Successful.
This preference tends to discriminate against:
People from minority groups.
People from lower SES. |
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Term
Cultural Bond Values
Focus on the Individual |
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Definition
-p. 141-2
Therapy is likely to be “individual centered.”
U.S. culture is based on the notion of individualism (Pedersen, 2000).
Not all cultures consider individualism as a positive orientation (Pedersen, 2000).
Many societies do not identify the unit of operation as the individual (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008).
In many cultures the unit of operation is the family, group, or society. |
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Term
Cultural Bound Values
Verbal/Emotional/Behavioral Expressiveness |
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Definition
-p. 142-3
These characteristics may put culturally different clients at a difficulty (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008).
Verbal expressiveness: Many minorities do not value verbalizations.
Emotional expressiveness: in some cultural groups control of feelings is valued. |
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Term
Cultural Bound Values
Insight |
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Definition
-p. 143-5
“Insight is not very valued by many culturally different clients” (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008, p. 144):
People from lower SES may not see that insight is proper.
Many cultural groups do not give importance to insight. |
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Term
Cultural Bound Values
Self-Disclosure (Openness and Intimacy) |
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Definition
-p. 145-6
Most forms of therapy are likely to value one’s capacity to self-disclose and to express the most private aspects of one’s life (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D. , 2008, p.145).
Revelations of personal problems may not be adequate for Asian American, Hispanics, African American, and Indian American. |
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Term
Cultural Bound Values
Scientific Empiricism |
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Definition
-p. 146
Western society tends to accentuate the importance of the scientific method, which is related to objective-rational linear thinking (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008, p. 146).
Other cultures may value different aspects or ways: a more “nonlinear, holistic, and harmonious” aspects (D.W. Sue & Constantine, 2003, as cited in Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008, 146). |
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Term
Cultural Bound Values
Distinctions between Mental and Physical Functioning |
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Definition
-p. 146-7
American Indians, Asian Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics do not make the same Western distinction between mental and physical health (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008, p. 147).
Clients may expect therapists to treat them in the same way physicians do.
Direct solutions and tangible treatments are desired. |
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Term
Cultural Bound Values
Ambiguity |
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Definition
-p. 147
The unstructured aspects of therapy may create uneasiness (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008).
“Anxiety and confusion” may be the result (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008, p. 147). |
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Term
Cultural Bound Values
Patterns of Communication |
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Definition
-p. 147
Therapy requires that communication goes from client to therapist (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008).
American Indians, Asian Americans, and Hispanics function under other cultural norms that may make this difficult.
e.g., “not to speak until spoken to” (p. 147) |
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Term
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Definition
Many racial/ethnic minority groups are largely represented in the lower socioeconomic classes.
Therapists usually come from a middle- to upper-class background, and it is difficult to connect to the reality of clients who live in poverty (Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008, p. 148). |
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Term
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Definition
-p. 151-3
—Use of standard English to communicate may discriminate against those from a bilingual or lower-class background (Vendatam, 2005, as cited in Sue, D.W. & Sue, D., 2008, p. 152).; using laymen's words instead of techincal words
-do not use children as translators |
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Term
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Definition
-non-verbal communication
Perception and use of personal and interpersonal space
Conversational distances are a fx. of the racial & cultural background of the conversant
-p. 162-3
-intimate=contact to 18 in; personal= 1.5 ft to 4 ft; social=4 ft to 12 ft; public=12 ft+
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Term
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Definition
-nonverbal communication
-outwardly expressed emotions, culturally conditioned
-ex. Crossed arms, body language, smiling between cultures (American v Asian population (Japanese see as a sign of weakness, Korean see it as a sign of embarrassment))
-p. 163-5 |
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Term
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Definition
-nonverbal communication
-cadence of an exchange or talking; other vocal cues used to commuicate loudness of voice, pauses, silences, hesitations, rate, inflection
-silence=some orientation use silence as a tool, how some people cope with anxiety/fear and use that as a diagnostic tool to form a picture (Westerns get uncomfortable during silence, Asians are thinking during silence)
-matter of agreement in some cultures
-Asian cultures may not value the direct approach especially address problems
-p. 165-7
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Term
| High-Low Context Communication |
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Definition
-nonverbal communication
—Refers to the priority one assigns to the situation/context or the content when listening to expressed verbiage.
-HC-relies heavily on nonverbals and the group identification/understanding shared by those communicating; ex. sarcasm, implying something; look at meaning of statement
-LC-greater reliance on the verbal part of the message; literal words spoken
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Term
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Definition
Acculturation is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. Although acculturation is usually in the direction of a minority group adopting habits and language patterns of the dominant group, acculturation can be reciprocal--that is, the dominant group also adopts patterns typical of the minority group. Assimilation of one cultural group into another may be evidenced by changes in language preference, adoption of common attitudes and values, members hip in common social groups and institutions, and loss of separate political or ethnic identification.
-how much someone wants to “fit in” with new culture where they moved
-what’s the value of studying this? Individuals presenting with problems could be because of their acculturation, it could be the process of do I fit in? should I want to fit in? do I even want to fit in?
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Term
| J.W. Berry's Bi-Dimensional Approach to Acculturation |
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Definition
Model uses two independent dimensions that intersect to create four acculturation categories
Heritage-Culture Retention
Receiving-Culture Acquisition
Assimilation- adopts receiving culture, drops heritage
Separation- reject receiving, retains heritage
Integration- adopts receiving, retains heritage
Marginalization – rejects both. heritage and receiving |
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Term
| Universal Shamanic Tradition (Lee) |
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Definition
-p. 220
healers within the community. (witches, wizards, medicine men/women, sorcerers , magic men/women).
Heavy reliance on the use of communal, group, family networks to shelter the dysfunctional individual
Problem solve in group context
Reconnect dysfunctional individual with family or significant others.
Spiritual and religious belies used in the healing process
Use of Shamans is the norm |
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Term
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Definition
Becvar & Becvar (2003) Goals is to modify relationships within a family in order to achieve harmony.
Many systems approaches
Two Characteristics of the many family systems approach:
1) Communications Approach-family problems are communication difficulties. Focus is on improving communications & faulty interaction styles.
2) Structural Approach- Emphasizes interlocking roles of family members. |
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Term
Family Systems Approach
Definition of "healthy" |
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Definition
Systems definition of “healthy”
Nuclear family is standard-mom, dad, siblings
Equal division of labor among family members
Individuation- idea of “separate self” from emotional field of family members
Emotional expression encouraged & allowed within family operations |
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Term
Family Systems Approach
Considerations |
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Definition
Racism & poverty
Value system
Biculturalism
Minority status differences
Language
Social class |
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Term
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Definition
-refers to the fact that minorities in the US inherit two different cultural traditions
-p. 192 |
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Term
Cultural Value Preference
5 Value Areas |
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Definition
-p. 197-204
People-Nature
Mastery v Harmony
Time Orientation
Past v Present v Future
People Relations
Individual v collateral
Mode of Activity Preference
Doing v being v becoming
Nature of Man
Good v bad |
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Term
| Multicultural Family Counseling |
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Definition
Focus on family unit from group’s perspective
Two Goals
1.Become aware of own worldview
2.Become aware of clients worldview & how client views the definition, role, and fx. of family.
How to achieve the two goals?
Comparative Summary – used to understand one’s own worldview by contrasting the value orientations of middle-class white euro- Americans & specific groups |
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Term
| Relational-Cultural Therapy |
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Definition
Premise= humans grow through & toward connection throughout the life span. Connection is an innate need in order to flourish and stay alive.
-not step-wise/stage-wise developmental theory---separates it from others
-increase of complexity and articulation between relationships; mutuality=mutual process, not just me sitting in front of you trying to get you to a better place, but both of us to a better place
The primary motivator and organizer of life is social connection. Connection is central to the life-span developmental process. Movement is toward authenticity, mutual empathy, & mutual empowerment. |
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Term
Relational-Cultural Therapy
2 Disconnections |
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Definition
Acute- occurs freq. in all rs’s
Chronic- injured/less pwrfl. Is not allowed or encouraged to voice hurt/anger, and suppresses often w/shame, withdrawal. Person twists self to fit in w/more pwrfl. injured/less pwrfl. Feels self blame, disempowered to mobilize, change & feels isolated. |
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Term
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Definition
to see, know, & feel the responsiveness of one another.
Critical since EMPATHY is primary txptc. motivator |
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Term
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Definition
occurs as txpst and client are present with their differences and learn from one another's contribution to conflict and disconnection |
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Term
| Relational-Cultural Therapy (RTC) Foci |
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Definition
Relational Images- inner constructions & expectations created out of experiences in rs’s. –very powerful
Common in all rs’s
Controlling Images- Societal constructs such as stereotypes create controlling images to shame & disempower certain groups. Experience of shame leads to isolation & immobilization.
Relational Resilience & Courage- capacity to move back into connection following disconnection & capacity to reach out for help. |
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Term
| Cross's Black Identity Development Model |
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Definition
Basis for most racial/cultural identity models
Recently revised based on research findings
Race Salience= degree to which race is an important & integral part of a persons approach to life. Race consciousness may/may not be integral in daily life. |
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Term
Cross's Black Indentity Developement Model
4 Stages |
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Definition
1.Pre encounter-devalue blackness & default to white ways/values.
2.Encounter-encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his/her previous mode of thinking or bx. Begins reinterpreting wrld. and shifting of wrldvw. Since realize will never be of dominant race/culture
3.Immersion- emersion=Markers- withdrawal from dominant culture & immersed in AfA culture; Observed- surround self with symbols of racial identity, less anger and irritation since focus has shifted. Sense of pride incr.
3 possible identity combinations
Anti-white- global anti white (externally focused)
Pro-black- indiscriminate acceptance of black culture & ways-indiscriminate acceptance (inwardly focused)
Anti-white/pro-black combo- (externally and inwardly focused)
4.internalization=emergence from last stage marks beginning of internalization. Black self acceptance manifested in 3 types of identities
Black nationalist- high race salience
Biculturalist- blackness fused with Americanness
Multiculturalist- multiple identities ie, race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.
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Term
Racial/Cultural Identity Development (R/CID)
(S&S) |
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Definition
pulled out common characteristics that cut across pop-specific models. Focus on oppressed people as they struggle to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, dominant culture, oppressive rs b/twn the two cultures.
5 stages & 4 corresponding attitudes & beliefs. |
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Term
R/CID (S&S)
Stages and Levels
Conformity |
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Definition
Cross’s pre encounter stage
Most profound neg. impact on people of color.
Ethnocentric multiculturalism-
Toward self- self deprecating attitude & beliefs. Own racial/cultural group seen as neg., s/thing to avoid.
Toward own group- group deprecating. Internalize majority culture view of minority group
Toward other groups- discriminate attitudes & beliefs toward other min. groups
Toward dominant group- Members of dominant group admired, respected, emulated, focus on pos. stereotypes. Indiscriminate acceptance of dominant culture social, institutional standards. |
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Term
R/CID (S&S)
Stages and Levels
Dissonance |
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Definition
Inconsistent info. with learned stereotypes toward group sparks movement to dissonance stage. Begin questioning & challenging attitudes & beliefs about two cultural groups.
Usually slow mvmnt. But can accelerate with tragic event.
Toward self- conflict betwn shame & pride. Growing sense of racism in envirnmnt. No good/bad view
Toward own group- aspects of group appealing
Toward other group- quest. Stereotypes of other groups
Toward majority group- growing suspiciousness & mistrust of dom. group |
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Term
R/CID (S&S)
Stages and Levels
Resistance and Immersion |
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Definition
Greater understanding and awareness of social forces (racism, oppression. Discrimination).
Completely rejects dominant culture & values * endorses own group culture & values.
Questioning & examining sources of shame evokes guilt, shame, anger.
Toward self- Once shameful & disgusted racial/cultural characteristics turn to symbols of pride, honor. Unbridled pride.
Toward own group- feeling of connectedness. Unquestioned acceptance of cultural values. Restrict interactions with members of own group.
Toward other groups- Culturocentrism. Less attempt to reach out & understand other groups.
Toward dom. Group- anger & hostility toward dominant group. Seen as responsible for current plight & oppression. |
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Term
R/CID (S&S)
Stages and Levels
Immersion |
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Definition
Intensive lvl. Of anger is draining.
Discontent & discomfort w/rigid group views may conflict w/ individual views.
Results in decr. Anger & distrust toward dominant culture.
Toward self-demands individual autonomy
Toward group-group pressure to show/prove/act blackness out may push to separate a bit
Toward other group-attempts to reach out tother groups to look at differences in oppression
Toward dom. Group-source of conflict. Uncertain how to incorporate desirable attitudes & bx. Of dom. Group w/minority culture. |
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Term
R/CID (S&S)
Stages and Levels
Integrative Awareness |
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Definition
Conflicts & discomfort resolved. Strong sense to eliminate all forms of oppression.
Toward self- +self image, self worth & confidence. High sense of autonomy but w/racial pride. B/cms bi or multicultural individual
Toward own group- no longer indiscriminately accepts all group values and bx.’s empathy w/group but awareness of within group differences.
Toward other group- reaching out to understand
Toward dominant group- selective trust & liking. Openness to constructive elements of dominant culture. Recognize that white people are racial-cultural products and fall victim too. |
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Term
Helm's White Racial Identity Development Model
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Definition
-p. 269-276
-developing a healthy White identity requires movement through two phases: abandonment of racism and defining a nonracist White identity
-assumed that racism is an intimate and central part of being a White American |
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Term
Helm's White Racial Identity Development Model
6 Stages |
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Definition
1.contact status=oblivious to and unaware of racism, believe that everyone has an equal chance for success, lack an understanding of prejudice and discrimination, have minimal experiences, with persons of color, and may profess to be color-blind
2.disintegration status=becomes conflicited over irresolvable racial moral dilemmas that are frequently perceived as polar opposites
3.reintegration status=regression in which the pendulum swings back to the most basic beliefs of White superiority and minority inferiority
4.pseudoindependence status=propelled into this pahse bc of a painful or insightful encounter or event that jars the person from their reintegration status
5.immersion/emersion status=searches for an understanding of the personal meaning of racism and the ways in which one benefits from White privilege
6.autonomy status=increasing awareness of one's own Whiteness, reduced feelings of guilt, acceptance, of one's role in perpetuating racism, and renewed determination to abandon White entitlement
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Term
| S&S Process of White Racial Identity Development |
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Definition
-p. 276-282
-assume racism is an integral part of US and permeates
-Whites are socialized into the society which reflects the larger society's beliefs
-how Whites perceive themselves as racial beings follows and identifiable sequence that can occur in a linear or nonlinear fashion |
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Term
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Definition
1.Naivete phase=relatively neutral with respect to racial/cultural differences
2.Conformity phase=White person's attitudes and beliefs in this stage are very ethnocentric; minimal awareness of the self as a racial being and a strong belief in the universality of values and norms governing behavior
3.Dissonance phase=occurs when the White person is forced to deal with the inconsistancies that hav ebeen compartmentalized or encounters info/experiences at odds with denial
4.Resistance and Immersion phase=will begin to question and challenge his or her own racism; realize what racism is all about
5.Introspective phase=a compromise of having swung from an extreme of unconditional acceptance of White identity to a rejection of Whiteness
6.Integrative Awareness phase=level of delevopment is most characterized as understanding the self as a racial/cultural being, being aware of sociopolitical influences regarding racism, appreciating racial/cultural diversity, and becoming more committed toward eradicating oppression
7.Commitment to Antiracist Action phase=characterized by social action; consequent change in behavior and an increased commitment toward eraditcating oppression
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Term
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Definition
| cultural, universal perspective |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-the substitution of modal stereotypes for real world
-the disregarding of cultural variations in a dogmatic adherence to some universal notion of truth
-the use of a technique-oriented definition of the counseling process |
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Term
| Compare and contrast racism, sexism, and heterosexism |
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Definition
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