Term
Structures of the Urinary System |
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Definition
urethra, ureters, urinary bladder, kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
produce urine and filter blood
-nephrons are its functional unit, they are located in the renal pyramids of the kidneys
-appox. 1.25 million nephrons per organ
-contains glomerular (leaky capillaries) |
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Term
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Definition
what takes urine out of the body
- much longer in males, 3x longer than in females |
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Term
structures of the female repoductive system |
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Definition
– Urinary and reproductive systems are distinct, no shared organs
• Normally urine and urinary tract above bladder are sterile
– Urethra contains normal resident flora
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Term
normal resident flora of female reproductive tract |
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Definition
steptococcus, staphylococcus, cornyebacterium, lactobacillus
- normal flora varies in female repoductive tract dependent upon hormones (lactobacillus) |
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Term
non-venereal diseases of the reproductive tract |
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Definition
-affect both men and women
-urinary tract infections
-Leptospirosis |
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Term
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Definition
• 8 million cases annually in US
– 600,000 nosocomial
– Primary ascending infection, pathogens enter in through the urethra and continue up to other organs
– May include any or all of the organs |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the urethra |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the ureter |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the kidneys |
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Term
urinary tract infections causitive agents |
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Definition
– Usually intestinal flora
• E. coli – most common, about 70% of urinary tract infections
• Proteus and Klebsiella
• Pseudomonas
Typically nosocomial |
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Term
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Definition
associated with nosocomial infections because it causes urinary tract infections from catheters |
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Term
urinary tract infections signs and sympotoms
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Definition
– Dysuria; cloudy urine with foul odor; may have pale red color from blood being lost in the urine, pain when urinating
– Tenderness of pelvic area, May have slight fever
– Pathogens typically ascend urethra and attach to receptors on bladder lining
– May form biofilm |
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Term
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Definition
– when urinary tract infection makes it to the kidneys, which makes it likely for the infection to make it into the bloodstream
• Sudden elevation of temperature, chills, vomiting and back pain, bacteremia |
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Term
urinary tract infection epidemiology |
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Definition
– Typically results from auto-inoculation
– 30% of women develop at least one UTI
– Risk factors include: short urethra; sex (males are less susceptible to UTIs); use of diaphragm; pregnancy, catheterization; women more predisposed for getting urinary tract infections |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the prostate, when this becomes inflammed it blockes the ureters and causes a urinary tract infection in men |
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Term
urinary tract infection prevention |
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Definition
– Adequate fluid intake
– Cranberry juice may help prevent attachment
– Void urine immediately after sex
– Proper personal hygiene |
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Term
urinary tract infection treatment |
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Definition
– Sulfonamides or cephalosporins, sulfa drugs |
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Term
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Definition
-zoonotic disease
• Hard to stain, hard to grow, have a hook on the end that makes them more recognizable |
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Term
Leptospirosis causative agent |
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Definition
Leptospira interrogans
• Gram -, Spirochete
• Double axial filaments making them very efficient at swimming and crawling
• Over 200 antigenic types
• Begins in kidneys because it comes from the bloodstream |
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Term
Leptospriosis signs and symptoms |
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Definition
– Abrupt onset of headache, spiking fever, chills and severe myalgia
– Eye redness which is directly related to the vessels that feed the eye become very dilated causing major redness.
- ½ of patients develop nausea, vomiting and diarrhea |
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Term
leptospirosis characteristics |
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Definition
- Requires direct contact with urine or urine contaminated waters or soil
- Bacteria enter body through mucous membranes and breaks in skin, eventually colonizes in the kidneys
- Organism multiplies and travels to kidneys in blood stream
– Rarely fatal, if fatal its due to renal failure or meningitis, can cause meningitis if it contacts the meninges
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Term
Leptospirosis Epidemiology |
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Definition
– Worldwide distribution, all types of animals
– Infects, many wild and domestic animals
• Asymptomatic carriers
– Organism is excreted in urine
• Survives in water for weeks, even extremely cold water
– Farmers, ranchers, butchers, vets at high risk |
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Term
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Definition
– Avoid water contaminated with animal urine
– Maintain sanitary conditions for animals, try to prevent run off into water ways
– Vaccine available for livestock and pets
– Rodent control |
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Term
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Definition
– Oral doxycycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin
– IV penicillin in severe cases, usually if someone is having rare complications |
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Term
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Definition
• May affect males (due to wounds in men) and females
– Bacterial Vaginosis
– Vaginal Candidiasis
• Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome |
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Term
Toxic Shock Syndrome causative agent |
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Definition
• Causative agent: Staphylococcus aureus
• Virulent strains produce Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST1 or TSST2), type 1 produces the majority of toxic shock syndrome cases
– binds cells of immune system and triggers excess immune related chemicals be released, many people carry this in their mucus membranes and on the skin |
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Term
Toxic Shock Syndrome Signs and Symptoms |
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Definition
– Sudden onset fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, extremely low blood pressure, mental confusion due to low blood pressure and a severe red rash
– 50% mortality if untreated due to septic shock |
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Term
Toxic Shock Syndrome Characterisitics |
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Definition
• Most cases involve menstruating women
– 25% of cases involved wound infection
– New mothers and surgical patients also at risk |
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Term
Toxic Shock Syndrome Prevention |
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Definition
– Avoid highly absorbent tampons, diaphragms, contraceptive sponges or use them for shorter periods of time, also change packing of a wound regularly |
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Term
Toxic Shock Syndrome Treatment |
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Definition
– Remove foreign matter or drain infected wound immediately
– IV fluids to support blood pressure
– Vancomycin (gets rid of bacteria) and anti-TSST immunoglobulin (antitoxin) |
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Term
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Definition
no inflammation associated with it |
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Term
Bacterial Vaginosis causative agent |
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Definition
– May be caused by multiple anaerobic bacteria
– Gardnerella vaginalis: not part of normal flora but is common in environment, cannot grow in pH lower than 5
• Change in vaginal flora
– pH increases and allows overgrowth of pathogen |
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Term
Bacterial Vaginosis signs and symptoms |
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Definition
• Thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge due to anaerobic metabolism
• Can be slightly bubbly
• Pungent ‘fishy’ odor
• Some itching and irritation
• 50% asymptomatic |
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Term
Bacterial Vaginosis prevention |
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Definition
• No proven prevention
• Associated with multiple sexual partners, vaginal douching, anti-microbial therapy, however, all of which will alter pH; do not want vaginal pH to change
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Term
Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment |
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Definition
• Metronidazole: antiprotozoal drug that works on anaerobic bacterial infections, cannot be taken during pregnancy of breast feeding mothers so their only choice is vinegar douche
• Vinegar douche: this will drop the pH back where it should be
• Reestablishment of lactobacilli |
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Term
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Definition
multitude of fungal yeast infefctions, most common type of fungal infections in humans in general |
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Term
Vaginal Candidiasis causative agent |
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Definition
• Candida albicans
• Normal flora for up to 80% of women
• Opportunistic pathogen
• Dimorphic: two different forms of growth
• Diagnosed by budding yeasts |
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Term
Vaginal Candidiasis signs and symptoms |
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Definition
• White mucoid colonies on vaginal mucus membranes and labia
• Severe itching and burning which will increase with urination
• White curd-like discharge like cottage cheese
• Can result in serious candidasis in someone who is immunosuppressed
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Term
Vaginal Candidiasis Epidemiology |
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Definition
• Can be spread person to person—mother to child which is rare within fungi
• Mother to newborn
• Rarely sexually transmitted
• Antibacterial medications increases risk
• Other risk factors include birth control, hormone therapy, AIDS, diabetes, invasive hospital procedures and cancers |
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Term
Vaginal Candidiasis characteristics |
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Definition
• 100% of AIDS patients get candidasis due to low immune system
• Changes in vaginal flora and pH |
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Term
Vaginal Candidiasis Prevention |
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Definition
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Term
Vaginal Candidasis treatment |
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Definition
• Intra-vaginal treatment with nystatin and clotrimazole
• Cream azoles may weaken latex condoms by dissolving the latex
• Oral fluconazole especially used in immunosuppressed individuals |
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Term
Sexually transmitted diseases |
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Definition
• Epidemic over last 50 years
– 330 million annually worldwide
• Often asymptomatic in women
– Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, birth defects, sterility and cervical cancer, damage to important female parts |
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Term
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Definition
– Proven effective
• Sexual abstinence & mutual monogamy
– Somewhat effective
• proper, consistent condom use
• ~20% failure rate, do not prevent the spread of certain viruses |
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Term
Bacterial Discharge Diseases |
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Definition
• bacterial diseases
– Increased fluid discharge for males and females
• Gonorrhea (clap)
• Chlamydia
• co-infections ~45% of cases, if you have one you have the other |
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Term
Bacterial Ulcerative Diseases |
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Definition
– Lesions on genitals of males and females
• Syphilis |
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Term
Gonorrhea Causative agent |
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Definition
– Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Gram-negative; diplococci
• Fimbriae and capsule makes it easy for it to attach to reproductive tract, destroys your antibodies
• Low infecting dose, just a few cells is all it takes
• White blood cells full of Neisseria that are reproducing quickly: clinical sign of gonorrhea |
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Term
Gonorrhea signs and symptoms |
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Definition
In men: Most men are symptomatic, Pain on urination, discharge from penis
In women: Women more likely to be asymptomatic (50-80%), Painful urination, mild discharge, May be overlooked as UTI
~25% develop PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
– Less common manifestations: Heart damage, arthritis, meningitis, UTI, pharyngitis
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Term
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Definition
• antigens change so they are not attacked or recognized by immune system (antibodies)
– protects from antibodies |
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Term
Gonorrhea Characteristics |
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Definition
• Opa proteins on fimbriae bind to T-cells
– Prevents activation of immune response
• IgA proteases
• Gonococci survive and multiply in WBCs
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Term
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Definition
• when gonorrhea is passed to child during childbirth
– Gonococcal conjunctivitis of the newborn
– Acquired from infected birth canal
– Prevented with silver nitrate or erythromycin in eyes |
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Term
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Definition
– Humans only host
– Risk increases with number of sexual partners
• More common in blacks(4X) and males (slightly)
• Most cases involve adolescents with multiple partners |
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Term
factors that influence gonorrhea infection |
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Definition
• Birth control pills: by changing hormone levels it makes mucus lining of reproductive tract more likely to contract infections
• Asymptomatic Carriers
• Lack of immunity: gonorrhea changes so much your body will never figure out how to fight it |
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Term
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Definition
– No vaccine available
• Antigenic variation interferes with ability to make effective vaccine
– Doxycycline for co-infection, best choice because it treats both
– Broad spectrum cephalosporins
• Increasing number of strains resistant to numerous antibiotics |
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Term
Chlamydial Infections causative agent |
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Definition
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Non-motile; obligate intracellular pathogen
• Gram – with no PTG
• Non-gonococcal urethritis (7 strains)
• Lymphogranuloma venereum (3 strains) |
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Term
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Definition
• Leading cause of preventable, non-traumatic blindness |
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Term
Trachoma signs and symptoms |
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Definition
In men: Most (75%) symptomatic, Thin grayish-white discharge from penis, Sometimes epididymitis or orchitis, May lead to sterility
– In women: Most (85%) asymptomatic, Increased vaginal discharge, painful urination, Risk of PID and sterile, Increased risk of cervical cancer for adolescents |
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Term
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Definition
– Severe chlamydial STD (LGV strains)
– Strains tend to be isolated to the tropics
– Characterized by genital lesion at site of infection
– Followed by bubo in groin, fever, chills, myalgia and arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
• Trachoma strains multiply in cells of conjunctiva
– Kills cells and stimulates production of purulent discharge which scars conjunctiva
– Eyelids turn inward and eyelashes scar cornea
– Cornea fills with blood vessels and blindness results |
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Term
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Definition
– Most common reportable STD in US
– 500 million cases of trachoma worldwide
• Newborns infected at birth
• Direct, indirect and vector transmission also possible |
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Term
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Definition
– Azithromycin; tetracycline or erythromycin
– Doxycycline for co-infection with gonorrhea
– Erythromycin cream in infant eyes for 10-14 days for trachoma |
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Term
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Definition
– Treponema pallidum
• Narrow Gram -, spirochete
• Axial filaments
• Can’t be cultivated in artificial media |
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Term
Syphilis Signs and symptoms |
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Definition
– Occurs in numerous forms, Often confused with other diseases, “great imitator”
Manifestation occurs in three stages
• Primary stage
• Secondary stage
• Tertiary stage |
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Term
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Definition
• Characterized by hard, painless, red ulcer
– Chancre
– Appears at the site of infection
• Local lymph nodes become enlarged
• Spontaneous healing of chancre |
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Term
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Definition
• Runny nose, watery eyes, sore throat, oral lesions, generalized aches and pains
• Non-itchy rash
– Usually on palms and soles of feet
• Spontaneous healing |
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Term
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Definition
• Characteristic lesions called gummas
• Infection attacks other organs
• Numerous nervous system disorders
• Blindness; metal illness; stroke |
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Term
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Definition
• Organism crosses placenta
• Nearly 40% result in miscarriage or stillbirth
• Begins as an early profuse nasal discharge
• Most children develop deformities
– Hutchinson’s teeth, saddle nose, sabre shins |
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Term
Congential Syphilis continued... |
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Definition
• Organism penetrates mucous membrane and broken skin
– Low infecting dose: Less than 100 organisms
– Organism multiplies in localized area
• Chancre caused by immune response
• Spreads to lymph nodes and bloodstream |
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Term
Congenital Syphilis Epidemiology |
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Definition
– Human only host
– Transmitted via direct contact, blood transfusion, mother to fetus
– 12 million annual cases worldwide
– Maintain low incidence in US |
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Term
Congenital Syphilis Treatment |
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Definition
– VDRL test used for diagnosis
– Primary, secondary and congenital stages effectively treated with penicillin
– No proven alternative for those with penicillin allergy
– Antibiotics not effective for tertiary |
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Term
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Definition
– Herpes (viral ulcerative STD)
– Genital Warts
– AIDS
– Protozoal STD
– Trichomoniasis |
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Term
Genital Herpes Causitive agent |
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Definition
– herpes-simplex virus type 1 & 2
– Enveloped DNA virus
– Latent virus |
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Term
genital herpes signs and symptoms |
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Definition
– Genital itching and burning, fever, myalgia and malaise
– Numerous fluid filled blisters on genitals
• Burst and form lesions
– Lesions heal spontaneously
• Most patients will have recurrence |
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Term
genital herpes signs and symptoms continued... |
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Definition
• Enveloped virus fuses with host cell membrane
– Genome enters cell and begins replication
– Viruses are released by budding and cell lysis
• Blisters form when epithelial cells are killed
– Rupture to produce painful ulcerations
– Releases millions of viral particles |
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Term
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Definition
– 1 in 3 newborns affected if mother infected at birth
– Debilitating and potentially lethal
– Requires cesarean delivery |
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Term
Neonatal Herpes Epidemiology |
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Definition
– 4 billion infected worldwide
– No animal reservoir
– Non-sexual transmission may occur
– Transmission most likely occurs during first days illness
• Transmission can happen in absence of symptoms |
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Term
Neonatal Herpes Treatment |
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Definition
– There is no cure for genital herpes
• Once infected there is lifelong risk of transmission
– Acyclovir and derivatives reduce severity
– Condoms may not be effective in prevention!!! |
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Term
Genital Warts (papillomas) causative agent |
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Definition
• Human papillomaviruses
– 30 different HPV strains cause warts
– Most common STD in US |
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Term
Genital Warts characteristics |
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Definition
• Warts on genitals, vagina and cervix, Slight pain or itching may occur, May form condylomata acuminata, Warts typically not dangerous
– HPV linked to 99% of cervical cancers, May also cause anal, penile, vaginal and oral cancers
• HPV infects approximately 20 million people in the United States, ~ 6.2 million new cases each year, Pap smears don’t detect HPV only abnormal cells
– DNA test is available that detects all 13 strains linked to cervical cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Removal of warts by freezing, laser or acid, Typically reoccur |
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Term
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Definition
Acquired immunodifiency syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
– Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Most US cases causes by HIV-1
• Most African cases caused by HIV-2
– Enveloped, RNA retrovirus |
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Term
Signs and symptoms of AIDS (HIV disease) |
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Definition
– Fever; head and muscle aches; enlarged lymph nodes; rash
– Some individuals are asymptomatic for years
• AIDS is characterized by the presence of several opportunistic or rare infections and a T cell count of lower than 200/µl |
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Term
Signs and Symptoms of AIDS continued... |
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Definition
– HIV infects host cells
– RNA reverse transcribed to DNA
– DNA integrates as provirus in host chromosome
– Virus may leave genome and kill host cell
• Releases additional viruses
– Immune system becomes impaired |
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Term
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Definition
– HIV is spread mainly through sexual contact, needles or from mother to newborn
– Global pandemic – 40 million cases
– ~1/3 have developed AIDS
– Sexually transmitted, and transferred through any body fluid, can infect a fetus through the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
epidemic on more than one continent |
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Term
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Definition
– No vaccine available: because of so many antigenic strains due to so many changes in its DNA as it multiplies, Interruption of mother to child transmission via chemotherapy
– Needle exchange programs: you bring dirty needles in and can get clean needles
– Educational programs targeting at risk populations
– Treatment of other STDs to lessen risk |
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Term
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Definition
– Designed to block replication and release of virus
• Generally with cocktail of medication (HAART): Highly active anti retro viral therapy
• Include reverse transcriptase inhibitors; protease inhibitors; and nucleotide analogs |
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Term
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Definition
Highly Active Anti Retro Viral Therapy; cocktail of medication |
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Term
Trichomoniasis causative agent |
|
Definition
protazoal
– Trichomonas vaginalis
– Flagellated leaf shaped protozoan with undulating membrane
– Anaerobic bacteria
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Term
Trichamoniasis Signs and Symptoms |
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Definition
– Most women symptomatic: Itching of vulva and inner thighs, Itching and burning of the vagina, Frothy, odorous yellowish-green vaginal discharge
– Most men are asymptomatic: penile discharge, pain on urination, tender testes or prostatitis |
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Term
Pathogenesis of Trichimoniasis |
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Definition
– No encysted stage so it can’t survive in environment
– Reproduces at pH of 5-6: associated with suppression of normal flora
– Reddening and swelling of vagina attributed to trauma of moving protozoan
– Frothy discharge most likely due to gas production by organism |
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Term
Epidemiology of Trichimoniasis |
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Definition
– Humans are the only known host
– Sexually transmitted or through fomites
– Worldwide distribution: 170 new cases worldwide annually, 7.5 million in US
– Most common curable STD in women
– Transmission usually sexual contact; fomites; newborns infected in birth canal |
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Term
Treatment of Trichomoniasis |
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Definition
– Single dose of metronidazole- pregnant women cannot use this because it passes thorugh breast milk and can affect the fetus
– Both partners should be treated to prevent re-infection
– Vinegar douche for pregnant or nursing women |
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Term
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
inflammation of neural tissue; associated with the brain |
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Term
Periperal Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
– Bundles of thin extensions from nerve cells called axons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
provide support, help out |
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Term
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Definition
– Carry nerve impulses
– Nucleus in the cell body
– ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
-meninges
-cerebrospinal fluid
-bone casting
-blood-brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
• protective covering of the brain and spinal cord, deramata (outer most layer), eranamater, piamata (cerous membrane that directly touches brain and spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of any of the layers of the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
fluid that fills ventricles inside the brains and is in spinal cord, it comes from the blood, it provides nuritiment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
physical barrier that allows very few pathogens to cross over and effect brain or spinal cord, many chemotherapeutic agents cannot cross |
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Term
structures of the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
Normal flora of the nervous system |
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Definition
• None, Viruses can exist in a dormant state in the nervous system
– penetrate CNS by traveling up nerve bundles
– Herpes simplex and rabies viruses |
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Term
Nervous system bacterial diseases |
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Definition
– Bacterial meningitis
– Tetanus |
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Term
Nervous system viral diseases |
|
Definition
– Rabies
– Viral encephalitis |
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Term
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Definition
leading cause in adults; pathogen of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
– epidemic, fimbriae, capsule, and endotoxin
-pathogen of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
leading cause prior to vaccine, gram negative, high plamorphic (many shapes); pathogen of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
listeriosis in fetuses, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals, gram positive, oval shaped (coxobacili), can contaminate dairy products, has enzymes that allow it to escape phagocytosis; pathogen of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
causes most cases of newborn meningitis, some women carry this as the normal flora in their vagina; pathogen of nervous system |
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Term
Meningitis signs and symptoms |
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Definition
– Acute high fever and severe meningeal inflammation
• Inflamed cranial meninges – severe headache, vomiting, pain
• Inflamed spinal meninges – stiff neck, altered muscle control
• Encephalitis may cause behavioral changes, coma, and death
• Petechiae may appear on skin, these are subdermal hemorrhages |
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Term
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Definition
• S. agalactiae acquired during birth because it is carried in vaginal flora
• Listeria transmitted via contaminated food
• S. pneumoniae, Neisseria & Haemophilus all transmitted via respiratory droplets
• S. pneumoniae present in throat of 75% of humans without causing harm
• Meningococcal meningitis is the only form that becomes epidemic |
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Term
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Definition
– Based on symptoms and culturing of bacteria in CSF from spinal tap and then culture the spinal tap |
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Term
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Definition
-dependent on pathogen
• Vaccines available for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and N. meningitidis
• Individuals at risk for listeriosis should avoid high-risk foods (milk, cheeses, undercooked meat)
• Mass prophylaxis with ceftriaxone or rifampin helps control epidemics of meningococcal form
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Term
|
Definition
• ceftriaxone or penicillin |
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Term
Tetanus Signs and Symptoms |
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Definition
– Tightening of jaw and neck muscles
• difficulty swallowing and breathing
– Restlessness and irritability
– Increased contractions spreading to other muscles
• Back spasms
• Difficulty breathing and death
– Prolonged contraction of diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
• Bacteria contained to anaerobic tissue around wound
• Tetanospasmin toxin moves to CNS and blocks inhibition of motor neurons causing paralysis, toxins that are bound to nerves remain bond and is permanent
• 50-90% mortality rate in untreated cases |
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Term
|
Definition
– C. tetani found in dirt and dust and GI tract of humans and other animals
– Nearly half of infections result from puncture wounds including
• Body piercing, tattooing, animal bites, IV drugs
• Frequently fatal but rare in the developed world
– 30 to 60 cases reported in US annually |
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Term
|
Definition
– Immunization with toxiod vaccine
• DTaP |
|
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Term
|
Definition
– Thoroughly clean wound
• Remove all dead tissue and foreign material
– Penicillin to kill multiplying bacteria
• Will not destroy endospores
– Antitoxin
• Neutralizes only circulating toxin |
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Term
|
Definition
• Causative agent: Rabies virus
• Lyssavirus family
• Enveloped ssRNA
• Spiked bullet shaped virus due to envelope it is in with spikes that help it attach to host cells
– Virus multiplies in brain forming Negri bodies ( inclusions in the brain) |
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Term
Signs and Symptoms of Rabies |
|
Definition
– Pain and itching at site of infection
– Fever, headache, myalgia, sore throat, fatigue
– Progress rapidly to secondary symptoms
• Encephalitis, agitation, confusion, hallucinations, seizure, increased sensitivity to light and touch, coma
• Increased salivation and difficulty swallowing
– Results in frothing of mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
• Hydrophobia occurs in 50% of cases, this is an extreme fear of water
• About 50% of patients die within 4 days
• Virus enters through bite of an animal
• Attaches to skeletal muscle cells triggering endocytosis
• Pathogen moves across neuromuscular junction into nerve cell and travels to CNS
• Slow moving so long incubation period
– 1-2 months up to several years
• Viruses travel back to the salivary glands and are secreted in saliva |
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Term
|
Definition
– Zoonotic: many animal carriers, due to vaccinations dogs are not that common
– Skunks, raccoons and bats considered chief reservoir
• 75% of human cases linked to bat bites
– 0 to 4 reported cases in US annually |
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Term
|
Definition
– Vaccination of domestic animals and Vets
– Wash wound immediately and thoroughly
• apply antiseptic |
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|
Term
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Definition
– Risk lowered if vaccine administered as soon as possible, must be vaccinated multiple times after the bite
– Interferon may be applied to wound
– No effective treatment for rabies
• Only six known survivors of disease |
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Term
Viral Encephalitis causative agent |
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Definition
spread by arthropods, most commonly mosquitos
• Causative agent: Arboviruses
• mosquitoes
– Zoonotic diseases: Horses, birds and rodents
– West Nile encephalitis, LaCrosse encephalitis, WEE, EEE, VEE, St. Louis encephalitis
– Named based on where they are found, like VEE: Venaswaline |
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Term
Signs and Symptoms of Viral Encephalities |
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Definition
– 3-7 day incubation period
– Characterized by mild flu-like symptoms
• Fever; headache; vomiting
• One or more nervous system abnormalities
– Disorientation, localized paralysis, deafness, seizures or coma
• Only minority infected develop encephalitis
• Others may develop viral meningitis |
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Term
Viral Encephalitis continued... |
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Definition
• Most reported human cases in immunosuppressd individuals
– Elderly and very young
– Healthy immune system typically fights off virus with only mild flu-like symptoms
– Viruses multiply at site of bite and in local lymph nodes
• viremia
– Virus crosses blood-brain barrier
• Damages neurons
– Causes extensive damage to brain tissue in severe cases
– Progression of disease halted by neutralizing antibody
– Mortality ranges from 2% to 50% depending of type of infecting agent and host |
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Term
Viral Encephalitis Epidemiology |
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Definition
– Disease are all zoonoses
• Maintained naturally in birds and rodents
– Humans are accidental hosts
– LaCrosse encephalitis usually causes most reported cases
– West Nile an emerging disease in US
• Appeared in New York in 1999 |
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Term
Viral encephalitis prevention |
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Definition
– Eliminate vector habitat, eliminating mosquitoes
– Avoiding outdoor activities at night
– Windows and porches properly screened
– Use insect repellents and insecticides
– Vaccine available for horses |
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Term
Viral Encephalities treatment |
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Definition
– No proven antiviral therapy |
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