Puerperal sepsis

(cause)

Streptococcus pyogenes

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

α-hemolytiac streptococci (oral cavity)

enterococci, staphylococci

Acute bacterial endocarditis

(cause)

Plague

(cause)

Lyme disease

(cause)

Epidemic typhus

(cause)

Endemic murine typhus

(cause)

Infectious mononucleosis

(cause)

Yellow fever

(cause)

Emerging viral hemorrhagic

 fevers

(cause)

Toxoplasmosis

(cause)

Malaria

(cause)

HIV

(cause)

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 or 2

Puerperal sepsis

(characteristics)

Also known as childbirth fever 

Semmelweis and Holmes proved that the spread was caused by hospital staff and tools 

Subacute bacterial endocarditis

(characteristics)

People with heart conditions susceptible after dental work

Fever, weakness, heart murmur

If untreated, fatal within months

Treated with prophylitic antibiotics 

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis 

(characteristics)

Bacteria "hear " and damage heart valves

fatal if untreated 

Plague

(characteristics)

Black death, carried by rats and transmitted by rat fleas, buboes, pneumonic plague

Gram - rods living in lymph nodes

Killed 25% of Europe in the 1400s

Lyme Disease

(characteristics)

Resevoir: Field Mouse

Tick feeds on mouse and becomes vector

Ticks may bite deer and humans

Three Stages:

1: bullseye rash and flu like symptoms

2: heart and neurological symptoms

3: arthritis

May become chronic 

Epidemic Typhus

(characteristics)

Endemic Murine Typhus

(characteristics)

Infectious Mononucleosis

(characteristics)

Mainly affecting 15-25 year olds in US

Causes B cell proliferation and immune response

Also known as "kissing disease"

4-7 week incubation period 

Yellow Fever 

(characteristics)

Carried by mosquitoes

Name comes from jaundice

Endemic in Central and South America and Africa (formerly US endemic killing pioneers)

20% mortality if untreated 

Walter Reed 

Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

(characteristics)

High mortality rates

Typically causing severe hemmhorages 

Toxoplasmosis

(characteristics)

Congenital infections causing still births or birth defects

Definitive host: cat

Intermediate host: rodent

Caught from undercooked meat or cat feces 

Malaria

(characteristics)

2-4 million deaths per year

antibiotic resistant strains

formerly common in US, mosquito control has reduced incidence 

HIV

(characteristics)

Life cycle:

●      Harm to T Cells

○      Death of T cells and other WBC results in leukopenia and loss of T4 memory cells

○      Giant T cells form - syncityia - which leads the way for virus invasion cell to cell

●      Nervous system harmed

○      Infected macrophage cross the blood brain barrier and virus enters the nervous system

Incidence:

●      Sub Saharan Africa is most common

●      South and Southeast Asia is next

Detecting:

●      ELISA - screening test

●      Western Blot - confrims ELISA

○      Tissue cultrue cells are infected with virus if present

○      Tissure culture medium with contain virus particles

○      Virus particles are treated to release the proteins

○      Protiens seperated by gel electrophroesis

○      Detect proteins using antibodies to the proteins

Patterns of transmission:

●      HIV-1: Most common in US, Western World, and Sub-saharan Africa

●      HIV-2: Most common in Western Africa; develops slower

●      Clades are subtypes of major groups

Treatment:

●      US says to begin treatment if your CD4 count is between 350 and 500 or if you’ve developed an opportunistic infection

●      Highly Avtive Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) is 10 years old

●      NRTI’s and NNRTI’s are fustion/entry inhibitors and integrase inhibtors.

●      Suggest 2 NRTI’s, an NRRTI, and PI (boosted with ritonavir)