-only the brain stem forms

-1 in 1000 births 

Incomplete formation of verterbral arches

-3 in 2000 births 

-autoimmune disease

-Patches of myelin in brain and spinal chord are destroyed

-1 in 1000 people affected

-Symptoms: blindness, weakness, clumsiness 

-excessive CSF

-Can result from either obstruction or problem with the arachnoid villi

-can be treated by inserting ventriculoperitoneal shunt 

-progressive degenerative disease

-results in dementia

-between 5% and 15% of people over the age of 65 develop this disease.

-symptoms: memory loss, depression, disorientation

-APP- senile plaques 

Pituitary Dwarfism

Pituitary Gigantism

Acromegaly 

-Hyposecretion of GH in children

-Hypersecretion of GH in children

-Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

(after epiphyseal plates have closed) 

Excessive TH production

Grave's disease: loss of thyroid feed back control 

-hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

-signs'symptoms: re-distributed body obesity, "moon face" "buffalo hump" kidney stones, skin becomes fragile and thin 

-hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and sometimes mineral corticoids (aldosterone)

-symptoms: weight loss, general fatigue, skin darkening 

Diabetes Mellitus

Type I 

-absent of diminished production and release of insulin by pancreatic islets cells

-"insulin dependant"

-Develops suddenly 

Diabetes Mellitus

Type II 

-Decreased insulin release or decreased insulin effectiveness

-"insulin independant"

-Develops slowly 

-Diabetes that develops during pregnancy

-Increases the risk of development of Type II later in life. 

Too many erythrocytes in the blood

Causes increase in viscosity, increasing strain on the heart. 

autosomal recessive disease

sickle shaped cells that are unable to easily flow through the vessels, more prone to destruction 

Leukocytosis

Leukopenia 

above normal WBC count

Below average WBC count 

-Cancer in the leukocyte forming cells

-uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes

-cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow the production of normal cells 

-abnormally low concentration of platelets in blood

-Diminished clot formation and internal bleeding

-Results from: damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, over active spleen 

Heart Failure

Progressive weakening of the heart 

Heart Failure

Congestive Heart failure 

heart enlarges greatly, pumping efficiency progressively declines

-Causes unknown 

Progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries.

Aorta and coronary arteries most affected

1.Damage to intima

2.Injured tissue releases growth factors

3. Sequesters and oxidizes LDL's

4.Attracts monocytes to the area

5.Monocytes migrate beneath intima

6.Monocytes--> macrophages

7.other molecules congregate--> plaques 

Treatments and prevention

-angioplasty                 

-Stents                        

-Coronary bypass surgery

 Best treatment is prevention

-maintain a healthy diet/cholesterol

-Don't Smoke                               

-Monitor your blood pressure          

-Malignant neoplasm that develops from lymphatic stuructures

-Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes in the groin or axillary region

-Grouped into two categories: Hodgkin's or Non 

Malignancy of the lymph nodes

Presence of Reed-Sternburg cell

If caught early the prognosis is good 

-accumulation of interstitial fluid, usually caused by obstruction

-Lymphatic filariasis:type of edema where worms are lodged in the lymphatic system

-in extreme cases called elephantiasis

-Common in Southeast asia and africa

-No cure, but can be controlled 

-passed through intimate contact with infected fluids

-Targets helper T-cells, which oversee immune response

-HIV diagnosed as AIDS when helper T-cell count is bellow 200 cells/mm^3

-Drug cocktail can stop disease from progressing but must be taken for entire life 

-during initial infection the chickenpox virus sometimes leave the skin and invade the posterior root ganglia of the spinal chord

-virus remains latent untill adulthood

-rash and scaly, painful blisters (usually confined to one or two dermatomes)