Term
What is the bacteria that causes TB?
What is one interesting fact about the growth time for the TB bacteria?
What percentage of people get latent infection? |
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Definition
Mycobacteria tubercle
It is usually a lot longer
90% of the people get latent infection |
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Term
What is the primary route of transport for the TB bacteria?
When it is in the macrophage, what doesn't it allow it to do? |
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Definition
Through the lungs especially the alveoli where it replicates and meets macrophages
It doesn't allow it to be fused with a lysosome |
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Term
What is a tubercle and indicate what kinds of cells comprise it? |
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Definition
| A tubercle is a ball of immune cells with the bacteria inside because it is the immune response to the original infection of the bacteria with the infected macrophages on the inside, then the recruited macrophages which are pre-activated and CTLs and T helper cells. |
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Term
How many infections are latent TB?
Is latent TB infectious and does it need any treatment? |
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Definition
90% are latent TB while 10% of them are actually active TB
Since the virus is not infectious, it does not require a treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Mantoux skin test with PPD - inject this into skin, and check 48-72 laters
If pos. - then you do have an infection
If neg. - then you have never been exposed to the bacteria before |
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Term
How can you confirm a positive test for TB and what are some problems with a positive test? |
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Definition
Confirm it through a chest xray, blood test or culture the bacteria (take wks to months to grow)
Could be TB exposure or it could be a previous TB test (BCG vaccine) |
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Term
What is the treatment phase for TB? |
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Definition
Abx - 3 Abx tx for 6 months daily |
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Term
What is the meaning of tolerance pertaining to the immune system?
What are the two types of tolerance? |
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Definition
tolerate self-Ag and not attack; reduces reaction to self Ag
Central tolerance and peripheral tolerance |
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Term
What is central tolerance? |
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Definition
A test cell is used to present several different self - Ags to maturing B and T cells
if it doesnt react it goes into circulation
if it does react then the lymphocyte is destroyed or the receptor is edited |
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Term
What are the 3 ways peripheral tolerance works by? |
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Definition
1) Anergic - if lymphocyte binds self-Ag then if it is a healthy no co-stimulation from cytokine so the lymphocyte becomes anergic
2) Self-destruct-when lymphocyte activated, clonal deletion by another cell
3)Regulatory t cells-Tr cells decrease effector cells in absence of infection |
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Term
What is Goodpasture's syndrome? |
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Definition
immune reaction to collagen (glue that helps join cells and is usually found in basement membrane)
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Term
What are signs of goodpastures syndrome? |
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Definition
Patients never go deaf
<1/2 have lung problems especially those who smoke
Kidney problems (all) - because blood passes through cells and auto-ab get in |
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Term
What is IDDM?
What can IDDM lead to? |
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Definition
T cell driven destruction of pancreas which halts all production of insulin
Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus
lead to damage to blood vessel walls (artherosclerosis), increase stroke, nerve damagem blindness, kidney damage |
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Term
What is TX for IDDM?
Why would children show cases of IDDM or the childhood onset IDDM? |
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Definition
Insulin
Because the kids would have these autoantibodies attach on when they were consecutively sick with another disease that mistakenly puts cytokines in the system and activated these Abs, producing IDDM |
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Term
What is molecular mimcry?
What is a classic example of this? |
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Definition
when the surface molecule on our cells might be similar to the surface molecule of Ag
Multiple sclerosis |
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Term
What happens in multiple sclerosis? |
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Definition
T cells attack oligodendicytes (the support cells for neurons which provide the wraps around neurons w/o them neurons die)
leads to formation of scars - tiny hardened tissues - scleroses |
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Term
What specifically do the T cells attack in multiple sclerosis?
What are the Sx for MS? |
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Definition
The myelin basic protein on the oligodendricytes
-loss of gait
-blindness or impaired vision
-fatigue
-paresthesia
-paresis
-paralysis |
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Term
What are the 6 treatments for autoimmune disorders? |
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Definition
- plasmapheresis - remove Ab
- using corticosteroids - act as an immunosuppresant
- replace lost hormone that the gland made
- Surgery
- Drug analogue to self-Ag
- Unconvential therapies - Placebo |
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Term
What are some diseases that a person with NIDDM can be at risk for? |
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Definition
Risk for CVD
Kidney Failure
Blindness
Neuropathies
Myopathies
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Term
How does NIDDM occur in individuals? |
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Definition
| Rich diet leads to chronically elevated blood sugar (glucose) which will tell the body to chronically release insulin and eventually cells will stop responding to insulin and there is no glucose uptake and glucose stays high |
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Term
What are the effects of high blood sugar (glucose)?
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Definition
Binds to proteins on endothelial cells
- causes cells to thicken and injure
-these cells line the CV system and will damage them too |
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Term
What are some treatments for NIDDM? |
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Definition
Can try insulin (eventually cells will ignore it)
Regulate diet
Exercise
Meds - enhance glucose uptake |
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Term
What is the #1 killer when it comes to disease? |
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Definition
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Term
Starting from the inner to the out of the blood vessel please tell all the layers? |
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Definition
1) Intima - endothelium and then the elastic fibers and collagen
2) Media - smooth muscle cells, elastic fibers, connective tissue
3) Adventitia - connects tissue to organs (connective tissue) |
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Term
What are the 5 most common cases of CVD? |
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Definition
- Heart failure - too weak to pump blood
-Obstruction to flow - blockage narrowing of vessels
- Regurgitant flow - valves defective
- Impairment to induction - defect blocks electric impulse
- Discontinuity in circulatory system - blood leaks |
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