Term
| Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites meaning that they can only ___ inside a host cell and cannot survive long term outside of a host cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viruses consist of a central __ of RNA/DNA and a protein ___ shell- together these form the ___. Many viruses also have an outer ___ made of ___ often with ___ spikes. |
|
Definition
- central genome
- protein capsid shell
- nucleocapsid
- envelope
- lipoprotein
- glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
| Viral Genome: The genome is usually double-stranded DNA, or single-stranded RNA, linear or circular, one piece or segmented. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| identification of viral proteins is done by ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viral cultures are not done often. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Viral culture is the “Gold standard,” but…
Specimen requirements are stringent
Collection techniques and transport are critical
Must eliminate contaminating bacteria, fungi, and cells
Cell culture lab is needed (not available in many smaller labs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do NOT allow a viral specimen to dry out, and you cannot gram stain a virus, also do NOT freeze it, instead what should you do? |
|
Definition
| Place the specimen in a transport medium at a temperature that inhibits cellular degradation and microflora proliferation |
|
|
Term
| A cytopathic effect is whatever ___ ___ occur in the cell as a result of a virus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Morphological changes in cells as result of viruses: |
|
Definition
- giant cell formation
- morphological changes
- inclusion bodies
- malignant transformation |
|
|
Term
| Cell pathological mechanisms as a result of a virus include arrest of ___ ___ synthesis resulting in cell death, ___ attack, ___ production, and envelope damage to other cells. |
|
Definition
- macromolecule synthesis
- immunologic attack
- cytokine production |
|
|
Term
| Cytopathic effects allow for ___ __ __ via viral cytology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of viral cytology will be noted in cells infected with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)? |
|
Definition
| Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions |
|
|
Term
| What type of viral cytology will be seen in cells infected with the Measles virus: |
|
Definition
| - multinucleated giant cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of viral cytology will be seen in cells infected with Cytomegalovirus? |
|
Definition
| - Owl's eye inclusions in large cells |
|
|
Term
| In a Tzanck preparation of HSV/varicella zoster infection what cytopathic changes would be seen? |
|
Definition
| - multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear inclusions |
|
|
Term
| Transplant patient: first think they are immunocompromised b/c on steroids/anti-rejection medicine, so you will get opportunistic infections. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytomegalovirus is an __ infection that occurs in ___ patients. You will see ___ ___ and ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- opportunistic infection
- immunocompromised patients
- inclusion bodies and enlarged cells (owl eye inclusion bodies) |
|
|
Term
| List the bacteria, viruses, and fungi that immunosuppressed patients with respiratory symptoms likely have: |
|
Definition
- Bacteria: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI)
- Viruses: CMV, HSV, Varicella
- Fungi: Candida albicans, Pneumocystis jiroveci |
|
|
Term
| You have an immunocompromised patients who is presenting with symptoms similar to TB, though you think it also could be Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. How can you tell the difference based on the culture? |
|
Definition
- MAI: plate will be covered with growth
- TB: few organisms |
|
|
Term
| All major transplantations (kidney, liver, heart, lung, bone-marrow) are associated with increased risk for ___ infection. Most common with bone marrow transplants. This increased risk is due to all the immunosuppresive drugs the patient is on to prevent rejection. |
|
Definition
| cytomegalovirus (an opportunistic infection) |
|
|
Term
| With CMV, the severity of the end-organ disease is related to the degree of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Herpes virus causes acute infection followed by a ___ ___ in which the virus persists in a ___ form with periodic ___ and shedding of infectious virus. |
|
Definition
- latent period
- noninfectious
- reactivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to recover infectious particles from cells that harbor the virus. |
|
|
Term
| Herpes virus has __ subgroups defined by the cell type most frequently ___ and the site of ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 subgroups of Herpes Virus: |
|
Definition
- alpha-group viruses
- lymphotrophic beta group viruses
- gamma-group viruses |
|
|
Term
| The alpha group HSV viruses include ___, ___, and ___ and infect ___ cells and produce latent infection in ___. |
|
Definition
- HSV-1
- HSV-2
- VZV
- epithelial cells
- latent infection in neurons |
|
|
Term
| Lymphotropic beta-group HSV viruses includes ___ which infects and produces latency in a __ of cells. |
|
Definition
- cytomegalovirus
- variety of cells |
|
|
Term
| Gamma-group HSV viruses include ___ and _____ (the cause of Kaposi sarcoma) which produce latent infection in __ __. |
|
Definition
- EBV
- KSHV/HHV-8
- lymphoid cells |
|
|
Term
| Genital herpes is usually ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of HSV-2/genital herpes: |
|
Definition
- vesicles on genital mucous membranes and external genitalia> rapidly converted to superficial ulcerations rimmed by inflammatory infiltrate
- can be transmitted to neonates during passage through birth canal= TORCH syndrome |
|
|
Term
| HSV-1 and HSV-2 differ ___ but are ___ similar and cause a similar set of primary and recurrent infections. These viruses produce acute and latent infections. Both viruses replicate in the skin and the mucous membranes at the site of entrance of the virus (usually oropharynx or genitals), where they produce infectious virions and cause vesicular lesions of the epidermis. The viruses spread to sensory neurons that innervate these primary sites of replication. |
|
Definition
- differ serologically
- genetically similar |
|
|
Term
| HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause lesions ranging from self-limited cold sores and gingivostomatitis to life-threatening disseminated visceral infections and encephalitis. Fever blisters or cold sores favor the facial skin around mucosal orifices (lips, nose), where their distribution is frequently bilateral. Intraepithelial vesicles (blisters), which are formed by intracellular edema and ballooning degeneration of epidermal cells, frequently burst and crust over. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To diagnose HSV-1 do a ___ __ and look for ___ ___. |
|
Definition
Tzanck smear
inclusion bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Tzanck smear
- Immunohistochemistry
- Amniotic fluid DNA PCR
- Virus Direct Detection DFA (direct fluorescent antibody) |
|
|
Term
| Virus direct detection direct fluorescent antibody (DFA): |
|
Definition
have fluroescent antibody on slide and it will bind to antigen of sample> microscoope
- rapid diagnosis of HSV, not as sensitive as cell culture |
|
|
Term
| HSV PCR is a single test that detects both the presence of __ __ and determines which __ is present in the positive samples. This test is intended as an aid in diagnosis of HSV. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 conditions that will cause genital lesions: |
|
Definition
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 |
|
|
Term
| Many women miss gonorrhea until PID and miss chlamydia until they realize they are infertile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| specimen of HSV is best collected within first 3 days of lesion, but no longer than 7 days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| detection of HSV viral inclusions, quick diagnosis of HSV: |
|
Definition
Cytology (Tzanck smear) of cells scraped from the genital
lesion efficaciously detects herpes induced inclusion bodies.
Or
Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA with Direct microscopic
Examination (non-culture) of virus-infected cells |
|
|
Term
| HSV-2 specific antibody testing: |
|
Definition
Example from a Local Lab:
Test Includes: Detection of antibodies specific to herpes type 2 only
Specimen: Serum\Reference Interval: Negative: <0.91 index
Use: Detect IgG antibodies specific to HSV type 2 infection; confirm or rule out possible infection with herpes simplex type 2 virus in prenatal patients in whom HSV 2 infection can cause serious prenatal disease.
In a patient with no history of lesion disease, a positive result for this test may be indicative that the primary infection was asymptomatic. Once infected by HSV, it is possible for a patient to shed virus without the development of lesions (asymptomatic shedding). This test does not indicate the site of HSV infection.
Additional Information: There is a considerable homology between HSV-1 and HSV-2 antigens, so that antibodies formed against either virus are highly cross-reactive. This assay is based on glycoprotein G-2, purified from HSV-2 infected cells, and is specific for type 2 antibodies |
|
|
Term
| IgM levels can provide useful information about an acute event; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chickenpox is highly contagious. It can be spread by either having direct contact with the person who has chickenpox, from coughed fluids from their chest or by touching the liquid from the blisters. Children with chickenpox are infectious 1-2 days before the rash starts until the last blister has dried. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chicken pox due to the varicella zoster virus (herpes virus-DNA)
Can develop a latent state
Cytopathic effect: multinucleated syncytial cells with intra- nuclear inclusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cytopathic effect of varicella zoster (chicken pox): |
|
Definition
| - multinucleated syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusions |
|
|
Term
| Reactivation of latent VZV causes shingles (also called herpes zoster) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also like HSV, VZV evades immune responses and establishes a latent infection in sensory ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CMV latently infects ___ and their __ __ ___ and can be reactivated when cellular immunity is ___. |
|
Definition
- monocytes and their bone marrow progenitors
- depressed |
|
|
Term
| CMV is __ or causes ___ in healthy individuals, but resutls in devastating systematic infections in neonates and immunocompromised people. |
|
Definition
asymptomatic
mononucleosis |
|
|
Term
| As its name implies, CMV-infected cells exhibit gigantism of both the entire cell and its nucleus. Within the nucleus is a large inclusion surrounded by a clear halo (owl's eye). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Transplacental transmission can occur from a newly acquired or primary infection in a mother who does not have protective antibodies (“congenital CMV”).
Neonatal transmission can occur through cervical or vaginal secretions at birth or, later, through breast milk from a mother who has active infection (“perinatal CMV”). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- TORCH (in utero)
- birth canal
- breast milk
- saliva
- veneral
- iatrogenic via organ transplant/blood transfusion |
|
|
Term
| Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis is an infectious mononucleosis-like illness with ___, ___, ___, and ___ accompanied by abnormal __ __ __ results suggesting mild hepatitis. Diagnosis is made by ___. Most people recover wll. |
|
Definition
- fever
- atypical lymphocytosis
- lymphadenopathy
- abnormal liver function test
- serology |
|
|
Term
| CMV in Immunosuppressed Individuals: Immunocompromised individuals (e.g., transplant recipients, HIV-infected individuals) are susceptible to severe CMV infection. This can be either primary infection or reactivation of latent CMV. CMV is the most common opportunistic viral pathogen in AIDS. Recipients of solid-organ transplants (heart, liver, kidney) also may contract CMV from the donor organ. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| virus antigen detection is achieved by (3): |
|
Definition
- indirect fluorescense
- ELISA
- Western blot |
|
|
Term
| Do ___ __ to diagnose HSV, do ___ to determine if type 1 or 2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Use: Aid in diagnosis of CMV infection. In general, a fourfold increase in IgG titer over a four-week period is presumptive evidence of recent infection; however, this relationship may not hold true in certain individuals due to biological fluctuation of the antibody levels.
The best test to diagnose acute CMV infection is the CMV IgM assay
Limitations: Most adults are infected with CMV and it is normal to be a carrier of the virus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| different ways to detect CMV: |
|
Definition
- IgG (4 fold increase in 4 weeks is indicative)
- IgM
- Urine cytology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Immunohistochemistry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid method to amplify a specific fragment of DNA
Oligonucleotide primers bind to the DNA
Amplification is performed by a heat stable DNA polymerase
The amplified DNA is detected in an appropriate detection system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quantitatively detect CMV DNA in plasma specimens as an aid to diagnosis and management of CMV infections |
|
|
Term
| Immunohistochemistry is the localization of antigens or proteins in tissue sections by the use of labeled antibodies as specific reagents through antigen-antibody interactions that are visualized by a marker such as fluorescent dye, enzyme, or colloidal gold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you immunohistochemically stain CMV it will be ___ . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In most cases of infectious mononucleosis, the clinical diagnosis can be made from the characteristic triad of : |
|
Definition
- fever
- pharyngitis
- lymphadenopathy
lasting 1-4 weeks |
|
|
Term
| work up of infectious mononucleosis: |
|
Definition
normal to moderately elevated WBC
increase in total lymphocytes
greater than 10% abnormal lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| mono gives positive reaction to mono spot test. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In patients with symptoms compatible with infectious mononucleosis, a positive __ ___test result is DIAGNOSTIC. |
|
Definition
| - POSITIVE HETEROPHILE ANTIBODY TEST |
|
|
Term
| a positive heterophile antibody test is diagnostic for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infectious mononucleosis is cased by the __ ___ virus that infects __ __. patients present with mild to severe adenopathy, heaptosplenomegaly, fever, malaise, pharyngitis, and a characteristic perihperal blood smear of ___ __ __. |
|
Definition
- epstein barr
- B lymphocytes
- reactive T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Mono infects __ cells but blood smear shows reactive __ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MONOSPOT= SCREENING TEST, DETECTS HETEROPHILE ANTIBODIES, NOT A SPECIFIC EPSTEIN BARR ANTIBODY, PUT PATIENTS BLOOD ON SHEEP, HORSE, AND BEEF BLOOD, AND IF IT BINDS IT PROBABLY HAS HETEROPHILE ANTIBODY. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The EBV heterophile antibody titers are highest during the first four weeks of disease, and can be demonstrated after the first week in some patients, while not until the 3rd or 4th week in others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mono spot test for heterophile antibody is ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Use for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Acute Infection Antibodies Profile
Test Includes: EBV-EA, IgG; EBV-VCA, IgG; EBV-VCA, IgM; Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen antibodies (EBNA); interpretation
Specimen: Serum |
|
Definition
| Differentiation of acute from chronic or reactivated infections with Epstein-Barr virus |
|
|
Term
| serological testing for EBV antibodies : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis A incubation period: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis B incubation period: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis C incubation period: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis __ is self limiting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Self-limiting
Chronic or Carrier
Increased risk for cirrhosis
Risk for Hepatocellular
carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis A is aka ___ ___. It has an ___ onset but is a __ disease. 0.5% mortality. Spread by __ ___ route, oftetn in contaminated water/foods (shellfish). No association with cancer or chronic disease. |
|
Definition
- infectious hepatitis
- abrupt
- mild
- fecal oral |
|
|
Term
| With Hepatitis A, ___ antibodies to HAV remain for life. To determine if hepatitis is acute, look for ___ antibodies in the serum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With acute hep A you will have IgM but not IgG yet. With prior Hep A you will have IgG but no IgM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HAV is present in serum only during acute infection and cannot be detected by clinically available tests. IgM antibody typically develops early in the infection and peaks about 1 to 2 wk after the development of jaundice. It diminishes within several weeks, followed by the development of protective IgG antibody (IgG anti-HAV), which persists usually for life. Thus, IgM antibody is a marker of acute infection, whereas IgG anti-HAV merely indicates previous exposure to HAV and immunity to recurrent infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis B can be transmitted ___, ___, or via the ___. It can be severe. Has a 1-2% mortality. Increases risk for __ and __ __. |
|
Definition
- parenterally, sexually, or via the placenta
- cirrhosis and liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| Liver cirrhosis either comes from __ or __ _. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hep B is made of an inner protein core and an outer protein capsule. The outer capsule has the __ __ __ __, while the inner core has the __ __ __ __. This cell also has __ __. |
|
Definition
- Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
- Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)
- DNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| The ___ is the marker of infection. This is one of the first markers that appears in a person that is infected, thus it is routinely measured. If this sticks around for more than 6 months, then you are considered to have __ __ _. |
|
Definition
- HBsAg
- chronic hepatitis B |
|
|
Term
| So if the hep B surface antigen is around, the __ is present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis B __ __ is the viral particle detected in the blood. |
|
Definition
| - surface antigen (HBsAg) |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis B __ __ indicates recovery or immunity. There are 2 reasons a patient would have this: if they had the virus and it is now cleared, or if they were vacinnated. |
|
Definition
| - Hepatitis B surface antibody |
|
|
Term
| To measure titer to Hep B, what is measured? |
|
Definition
| - Hepatitis B surface antibody |
|
|
Term
| After infection by Hepatitis B, what are the first 2 serological markers to become detectable? |
|
Definition
- HBsAg (Hep. B surface antigen)
- IgM core antibody |
|
|
Term
| The __ and the __ __ ___ appear within the first 1-2 months of infection and are present when initial symptoms appear. |
|
Definition
| - HBsAg and the IgM core antibody |
|
|
Term
| __ __ __ is diagnostic for acute Hep. B. HBsAg cannot be used for this b/c it will also be present in chronic hepatitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B/c there are not serological tests for __ __ __ for hepatitis B, this measure is not included in the diagnostic algorhythm. |
|
Definition
| - Hep. B core antigen (HBcAg) |
|
|
Term
| The presence of ___ is also detectable in acute Hepatitis B infections and reflects viral replication and increased infectivity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HBeAg indicates what 2 things: |
|
Definition
| - viral replication and increased infectivity in acute hepatitis B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-HBcAg aka IgM antibody to core |
|
|
Term
| The core window is the period of time in which the all ___ has been neutralized by ___ and neither __ or __ are detectable. During this time the only detectable serological marker is ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- HBsAg (Hep. B surface antigen)
- anti-HBs (antibody to surface antigen)
- neither HBsAg or anti-HBs
- IgM anti-HBc |
|
|
Term
| During resolution of infection, IgM anti-HBc is replaced by antibody of the IgG subclass to hepatitis B core antigen (IgG anti-HBc), and anti-HBs develops. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-HBs (antibody to surface antigen) is a __ __ antibody and its presence indicates recovery from acute infection and immunity from re-infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During resolution of Hepatitis B infection ___ takes the place of __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In people with resolved hepatits B infections, __ ___ __ remains detectable throughout life, but anti-HBs may become undetectable. |
|
Definition
| IgG anti-HBc (IgG antibody to core sticks around even after better from infection) |
|
|
Term
| Window Period: Period between the disappearance of HBsAg and the appearance of anti-HBs, the only detectable marker of acute HBV is the presence anti-HBc IgM (no HBcAg) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In chronic hepatitis B infection, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)persists for 6 months, and __ does NOT develop. in chronic infection, IgM anti-HBc disappears and is replaced by IgG anti-HBc. HBeAg is present variably in chronic infection. Presence of HBeAg indicates viral replication, high viral titers, and increased infectivity. When HBeAg is not present, anti-HBe usually is detectable. |
|
Definition
| - anti-HBs does NOT develop |
|
|
Term
| Presence of anti-HBs is an indicator of clinical recovery and subsequent immunity to hepatitis B virus. This test is useful for evaluation of possible immunity in individuals who are at increased risks for exposure to the hepatitis B (ie, hemodialysis unit personnel, venipuncturists, etc). Evaluate the need for hepatitis B immune globulin after needlestick injury; evaluate the need for hepatitis B vaccine and follow immune status after hepatitis B vaccine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limitations: Presence of anti-HBs is not an absolute indicator of resolved hepatitis infection, nor of protection from future infection. Since there are different serologic subtypes of hepatitis B virus, it is possible (and has been reported) for a patient to have antibody to one surface antigen type and to be acutely infected with virus of a different subtype. Thus, a patient may have coexisting HBsAg and anti-HBs. Transfused individuals or hemophiliacs receiving plasma components may give false-positive tests for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-HBs usually can be detected several weeks to several months after HBsAg is no longer found, and it may persist for many years or for life after acute infection has been resolved. It may disappear in some patients, with only antibody to core remaining. Patients with this antibody are not overtly infectious. Presence of the antibody without the presence of the antigen is evidence for immunity from reinfection, with virus of the same subtype (vide supra). Anti-HBs can be induced by vaccination with hepatitis vaccine, now genetically engineered and free of any infective material. This vaccine so far has been safe and effective in protecting recipients from acute hepatitis B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Someone is considered a hepatitis B carrier (HBV carrier) if they have circulating ____ 6 months or longer after initial detection, without clinically apparent disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have had the immunization, will you have antibodies to core? No, only get core antibodies to live virus, we only got refined part of surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis B envelope antigen (-e) high level of viral replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Post-transfusion” hepatitis
Parenteral or sexual transmission
Transplacental transmission occurs
Acute disease usually subclinical
High rate of chronicity, 1-2% mortality
Cirrhosis, liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| In hepatitis C virus (HCV), serum __ to HCV almost always implies acute infection, it is not protective. Anti-HCV usually appears within 2 wk of acute infection but is sometimes delayed; however, HCV-RNA is positive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 serological measures with HCV: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a small portion of patients, ___ just indicates prior exposure with clearance of virus rather than active virus. In such cases, ___ and __ levels are usually ___. In unclear cases HCV-RNA is measured b/c it is always positive if virus is present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis B vertical trasmission if mother is HBeAg positive vs. HBeAg negative: |
|
Definition
- positive: 90%
- neagtive: 10% |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis C vertical transmission: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __ __ __ is the routine hepatitis serology ordered on all patients with suspected hepatitis. It checks for A, B, and C. |
|
Definition
| - Hepatitis Serology Panel |
|
|
Term
| measurements included in Hepatitis Serology Panel: |
|
Definition
Antigen
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
Antibodies
Anti-Hepatitis B surface antigen (Anti-HBs)
Anti-Hepatitis B core antigen (Anti-HBc)
Total IgG + IgM or IgM
Anti Hepatitis A (anti-HAV)
IgM or IgG
Anti-Hepatitis C (Anti-HCV) |
|
|
Term
Hep B surface antigen (HBsAg) is
associated with the viral surface coat and is
usually the first evidence that an acute
hepatitis B infection is under way. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HPV is one of the most common STI, infecting over half of all sexually active men and women during their lifetime.
Varies from 2-7% of sexually active women ages 18-28
Currently about 20 million Americans are infected with HPV, and another 5.5 million acquire the virus each year.
Causes squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
Associated and found in cervical carcinoma in over 99% of cases worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HPV is spread through skin-to-skin contact.
Although transmission can occur through penetrative sexual intercourse, it can also be transmitted through non-penetrative genital contact.
People who have several sexual partners during their lifetime are more likely to acquire HPV, while people who are abstinent or remain in mutually monogamous relationships have little to no chance of being infected. For those in whom it is found, it is not necessarily a sign that their partner had an affair in the recent past. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An unknown number of high-risk HPV infections progress to high-grade cervical dysplasia. The progression of untreated lesions to micro-invasive and invasive cancer is associated with the integration of the HPV genome into the host chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the degree of dysplasia increases as the HPV viral DNA is integrated into the cervical cells (red nuclei) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are over 30 different types or strains of HPV infection that can be transmitted through sexual contact.
HPV infects squamous cells.
People infected with a "low-risk" or non cancer causing non-oncogenic type (HPV types 6, 11, 42, 43, and 44) generally have no symptoms or physical signs of HPV, and are unlikely to know that they have it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are over 30 different types or strains of HPV infection that can be transmitted through sexual contact.
Some people, however, can develop warts -- small, flat, or bumpy growths that appear singly or in clusters.
Warts, which are usually caused by HPV types 6 and 11, can grow on the external genitalia, including the penis, scrotum, vulva, and anus or inside the vagina or anus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HPV: specific morphology: clear halos around nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HPV induces koilocytic cells: enlarged nucleus and intracytoplasmic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Other strains of HPV (HPV types 16, 18, 31, and 45) are considered "high-risk" or oncogenic because they are associated with cervical cancer.
People infected with a "high-risk" type generally clear the infection without treatment and never know that they have it. However, persistent "high-risk" HPV infection can cause cellular changes in the cervix of women and can lead to the development of cervical cancer if left untreated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Pap test, which detects abnormal cells in the cervix, has been the biggest success story in the history of cancer screening. U.S. cervical cancer death rates have been cut in half since widespread use of the test began in the early 1970s, but….. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
HPV testing: …that testing for the presence of the human papillomavirus, or HPV — certain types of which are found in virtually all cervical cancers — is a superior screening tool for most women.
While cytology is often able to find cellular changes after disease develops, a high-risk HPV test detects the DNA of the virus that causes high grade cervical lesion and squamous cell carcinoma.
There is only one HPV test, sold in the USA, but it is approved for use only when a Pap test is inconclusive or as a "co-test" with a Pap.
It is not approved as a stand-alone primary screening test, but it can be performed on the same specimen collected for a "liquid-based" Pap test such as ThinPrep ( a special type of Pap test). |
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Definition
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