Term
| Measles cytopathic changes: |
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Definition
| - red intranuclear intranuclear inclusions in giant cells |
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Term
| measles is showing the typical red blotchy rash on his buttocks and back during the third day of the rash. Measles is an acute, highly contagious viral disease. Symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis (red eyes), runny nose, cough, and spots on the inside cheeks. A red blotchy rash appears around day three of the illness, first on the face and then becoming generalized. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ __ are seen with measles. These are small, white spots on a reddened background that occur on the inside of the cheeks ealry on in measles. |
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Definition
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Term
| True influenza is an acute infectious disease caused by a member of the orthomyxovirus family -Influenza virus A, B or, to a much lesser extent, influenza virus C |
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Definition
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Term
| Influenza outbreaks usually occur in the winter in temperate climates. In the United States, the 'flu season usually starts in October or November and is at its height from December to March |
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Definition
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Term
| Major outbreaks of influenza are associated with influenza virus type A or B. A is the worst, B is more miner, C is the most minor. |
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Definition
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Term
With influenza The external antigens (H and N) show more variation and are the subtype and strain-specific antigens.
These are used to determine the particular strain of influenza A responsible for an outbreak. |
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Definition
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Term
| Influenza virus infects the __ __ of the respiratory tract. The cells die due to the effects of the virus on the cell, the effects of interferon, and actions of cytotoxic T cells. Thus ciliary clearance is reduced leading to impaired function of the mucus elevator. This can lead to post viral pneumonia due to gaps in protective epithelium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigenic drift is due to ___. Antibodies to the HA protein are most important in protection, although those to NA also play a role. Both H and N go through antigenic drift so that immunity is hard to acquire. Antigenic drift leads to sporadic outbreaks and limited epidemics. |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigenic shift is due to ___. In the case of influenza A, antigenic shift periodically occurs. Apparently "new" HA and/or NA are found in the circulating viral strains. There is little immunity (particularly if both proteins change, or if new HA is present) and an epidemic/pandemic is seen. |
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Definition
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Term
| H1N1 is the __ __. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that a pandemic of 2009 H1N1 flu was underway. |
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Definition
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Term
This virus was originally referred to as “swine flu” because laboratory testing showed that many of the genes in the virus were very similar to influenza viruses that normally occur in pigs (swine) in North America.
But further study has shown that the 2009 H1N1 is very different from what normally circulates in North American pigs. It has two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate in pigs in Europe and Asia and bird (avian) genes and human genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Spread of the 2009 H1N1 virus is thought to occur in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing, sneezing or talking by people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something – such as a surface or object – with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. |
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Definition
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Term
| __ ___ __ is the leading viral pathogen associated with childhood acute respiratory tract illness requiring hospitalization, espcially in those under 1. Starts as an upper respiratory tract infection with rhinorrhea and congestion, sometimes fever, then progresses to lower respiratory tract infection with cough and wheezing varying from mild to life threatening. |
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Definition
| Respiratory Syncytial virus |
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Term
4 m old, severe respiratory distress
Cough, rhinitis, wheezing, fever
CXR: Lung diffuse interstitial infiltrates
Blood and nasopharyngeal secretions
submitted
Specific treatment initiated
What is the most likely diagnosis? |
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Definition
| Respiratory Syncytial virus |
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Term
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Definition
- typical pneumonia
- nosocomial
- alcoholics
- less likeley in neonates (birth to 6 months) |
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Term
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Definition
| atypical pneumonia, immunocompromised |
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Term
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Definition
| atypical pneumonia, adults |
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Term
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Definition
| atypical pneumonia, children 6 weeks-18 yrs, same age group as respiratory syncytial virus; All ages at risk, but most common in school-age children; The mother is diagnosed with or suspected of having a chlamydial infection during pregnancy, eye discharge, eye swelling, or both develop in conjunctivitis. |
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Term
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Definition
Klebsiella pneumoniae, typical pneumonia, nosocomial, alcoholics, less likely neonates (bith-6 months)
Pneumocystis jiroveci, atypical pneumonia, immunocompromised
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, atypical pneumonia, adults
Respiratory syncytial virus
Chlamydia pneumoniae, atypical pneumonia, children 6 weeks-18 yrs, same age group as respiratory syncytial virus; All ages at risk, but most common in school-age children; The mother is diagnosed with or suspected of having a chlamydial infection during pregnancy, eye discharge, eye swelling, or both develop in conjunctivitis. |
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Term
| RSV is diagnosed by __ __ of respiratory secrestions (not common)or by rapid diagnostic tests such as __ ___, __ ___ ___, and __ __ __ __ ___ assays. |
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Definition
- viral culture
- enzyme immunoassays
- direct immunoflouresence assyasa
- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) |
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Term
| For RSV diagnosis __ __ is performed routinely by nasopharyngeal aspirate or nasal swab. |
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Definition
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Term
Rapid RSV diagnostic tests for antigen or nucleic acid detection generally perform well compared with RSV culture techniques.
Serologic studies have limited usefulness |
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Definition
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Term
Methodology: Immunoassay
Additional Information: This test allows rapid diagnosis of the presence of respiratory syncytial virus. It avoids the necessity of obtaining acute and convalescent specimens over a two-week period. It may be particularly useful in children younger than six months old, whose antibody response to infection may not be diagnostic. |
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Definition
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Term
Direct Detection DFA, Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Use: Rapid diagnosis of RSV
Methodology: Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA)
Additional Information: Generally, this test is not as sensitive as cell culture. |
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Definition
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Term
| MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PNEUMONIA IN INFANTS UNDER 6 MONTHS OLD: |
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Definition
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
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Term
| A boy with bilateral swelling of his salivary glands is found to have an elevate serum amylase (consider the source of amylase). The most likely viral causative agent: |
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Definition
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Term
Mumps; salivary gland enlargement with
release of amylase;
Possible complications: meningitis and orchitis
(may lead to infertility). |
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Definition
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Term
Mumps Antibodies, IgM
Specimen: Serum
Reference Interval: Negative: <0.80
Borderline: 0.80-1.20; • Positive: >1.20
Use: Aid in the diagnosis of acute mumps infection
Methodology: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) |
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Definition
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Term
Mumps IgG antibody is used to determine immunity to mumps virus. Special Instructions: Paired sera (acute and convalescent) should be submitted on separate request forms.
Reference Interval: • Negative: <0.90 index
Borderline: 0.91-1.09 index; Positive: >1.09 index
Use: Determine immunity to mumps virus
Methodology: Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) |
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Definition
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Term
| Quantitative Determination. Serum is diluted in a series of twofold (doubling) dilutions. The highest dilution that produces a reactions is the __ __ __. Antibody of two samples is compared. , a twofold difference is not significant; a fourfold (two tubes or two twofold dilutions) or greater is significant. |
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Definition
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Term
Congenitally infected fetuses: produce
IgM ( early) and IgG ( later).
Maternal IgG crosses the placenta; most of fetal IgG is maternal; thus can not differentiate maternal from infant IgG.
Serial samples from the infants show steady decline in maternal IgG; increase or persistence of the infant IgG. |
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Definition
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Term
Rubella Serology is usually performed as a routine test in pregnancy, to confirm that the mother has antibodies in her blood to protect against future infection with the rubella virus.
These antibodies are acquired by being immunized as part of the routine vaccination schedule in childhood, or from having had Rubella (German Measles) infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| A pregnant woman whose immunity (antibodies) to Rubella is unknown or deficient, should usually have Rubella Serology tested if she develops a rash, or has contact with a rash, that looks like German Measles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rubella IgG with IgM: acute but convalescence |
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Definition
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Term
Rubella (and measles) should both be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with an acute generalized rash and fever.
Collect specimens for both culture and serology. The only reliable evidence of acute rubella infection is the presence of one or more of the following: |
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Definition
A positive rubella-specific IgM antibody,
A significant rise in IgG antibody from paired acute and convalescent sera,
A positive viral culture for rubella, or
Detection of the virus (antigen, rather than viral antibodies) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). |
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Term
A positive serologic test result for rubella IgM antibody indicates recent infection or recent vaccination.
Draw blood for IgM antibody testing at least 96 hours after rash onset.
If blood is drawn earlier and the rubella IgM antibody result is negative, draw another blood specimen and run for repeat testing. |
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Definition
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Term
Obtain acute and convalescent serum specimens for rubella specific IgG antibody to confirm a rubella diagnosis. This is especially important if the rubella specific IgM antibody titer is drawn at the wrong time or confounded by other infections.
Draw blood for acute IgG as early as possible when rubella infection is suspected. For convenience, however, you can use the blood drawn for rubella IgM antibody for acute IgG testing.
Draw blood for a convalescent IgG 3 to 5 weeks after blood was drawn for the acute IgG. |
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Definition
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Term
IgM: newborn indicates congenital infection
IgM cannot cross the placenta; it is not the mother’s antibody |
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Definition
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Term
IgG antibodies in both newborn and
maternal sera
Rising IgG: congenital infection
Falling IgG: passively acquired antibody |
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Definition
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Term
Prevent infections of pregnant women and neonates
Antibodies (Ig G on single sample) to rubella are assayed early in the pregnancy to determine immune status(susceptible) of the mother.
EIA procedure |
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Definition
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Term
neonate IgG: Antibody in initial sample persists at same or higher in 5-6 month follow-up, congenital infection
Antibody in initial sample declines or undetectable in 5-6 month follow-up, maternal antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
Neonatal Rubella Antibodies
Negative: No IgM antibody
Positive: IgM detected
Presence of IgM class antibody
indicates congenital or recent
infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- toxoplasma
- rubella
- cytomegalovirus
- herpes simplex virus |
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Term
| The availability of IgM specific assays also determines whether antibody in cord blood represents passive transfer from the mother (IgG antibody) or signifies congenital infection (IgM antibody). |
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Definition
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Term
Poliomyelitis means inflammation of the gray (poliós) spinal cord . Until the 1950s, when anti-polio vaccination became routine, summer outbreaks of polio were common in western countries, often spread via the oral-fecal route while using swimming pools.
These outbreaks led to widespread paralytic polio that necessitated help in breathing and the use of "iron lungs |
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Definition
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Term
There are two types of polio vaccine, both of which were developed in the 1950s.
The first, developed by Jonas Salk, is a formalin-killed preparation of normal wild type polio virus. This is grown in monkey kidney cells and the vaccine is given by injection. It elicits good humoral (IgG) immunity and prevents transport of the virus to the neurons where it would otherwise cause paralytic polio. This vaccine is the only one used in some Scandinavian countries where it completely wiped out the disease.
Sabin vacinne: This is a live attenuated vaccine that was produced empirically by serial passage of the virus in cell culture.
This resulted in the selection of a mutated virus that grew well in culture and, indeed, in the human gut where the wild type virus grows.
It cannot, however, migrate to the neurones. It replicates a normal infection since the virus actually grows in the vaccinee and it elicits both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
It is given orally, a route that is taken by the virus in a normal infection since the virus is passed from human to human by the oral-fecal route. This became the preferred vaccine in the United States, United Kingdom and many other countries because of it ease of administration (often on a sugar lump), the fact that the vaccine virus replicates in the gut and only one administration is needed to get good immunity (though repeated administration was usually used). |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition, the immunity that results from the Sabin vaccine lasts much longer that that by the Salk vaccine, making fewer boosters necessary. Since it elicits mucosal immunity (IgA) in the gut, the Sabin vaccine has the potential to wipe out wild type virus whereas the Salk vaccine only stops the wild type virus getting to the neurons. |
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Definition
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Term
Problem: the attenuated Sabin vaccine has back mutation- result from recombination between wild type virus and the vaccine strain.
Polio cases that use the attenuated live virus vaccine (about 8 per year in the US until recently) resulted from mutation of the vaccine strain to virulence.
This was deemed acceptable as the use of the attenuated virus means that the vaccine strain of the virus still replicates in the body and gives gut immunity via IgA. |
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Definition
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Term
| To eliminate the risk for Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis, the ACIP recommended an all-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV, (inactivated: Salk ) schedule for routine childhood polio vaccination in the United States. As of January 1, 2000, all children should receive four doses of IPV at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6-18 months, and 4-6 years. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Serology
ELISA and Latex agglutination
Initial Screening
Western blot
Confirmation |
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Term
Qualitative determination is useful
Antibodies to HIV-1 should not be present in uninfected individuals
Presence of HIV-1 antibodies (any level), indicates HIV-1 infection
Positive does not confirm active disease ( AIDS) and does not indicate protection |
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Definition
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Term
| Almost all kids have had a rotavirus infection by the time they're 5 years old. Rotavirus is one of the most common causes of diarrhea and severe infection (rotavirus gastroenteritis) is the leading cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young children. |
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Definition
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Term
Children with a rotavirus infection have fever, nausea, and vomiting, often followed by abdominal cramps and frequent, watery diarrhea (R/o bacterial).
may also have a cough and runny nose. As with all viruses, though, some rotavirus infections cause few or no symptoms, especially in adults.
Sometimes the diarrhea that accompanies a rotavirus infection can quickly lead to dehydration.
Signs of dehydration include: thirst, irritability, restlessness, lethargy, sunken eyes, a dry mouth and tongue, dry skin, fewer trips to the bathroom to urinate, and (in infants) a dry diaper for several hours. |
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Definition
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Term
In the United States, rotavirus infection outbreaks are common during the winter and spring months.
It is particularly a problem in child-care centers and children's hospitals because rotavirus infection is very contagious.
The virus passes in the stool of infected persons before and after they have symptoms of the illness.
Kids can become infected if they put their fingers in their mouths after touching something that has been contaminated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Viral gastroenteritis, most common cause of diarrhea in infants less than 3 yrs |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 most common causes of viral meningitis: |
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Definition
- ENTEROVIRUSES
- herpes virus
- HIV |
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Term
| HIV may cause ___ ___ mostly at the time of ___. HIV spreads hematogenously. |
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Definition
- asceptic meningitis
- seroconversion |
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Term
| HIV spreads hematogenously, while rabies, polio, and herpes virus spread are ___ (spread through neurons). |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ and ____, 2 types of enteroviruses, account for half of the cases of asceptic meningitis. |
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Definition
- Coxsackieviruses
- Echoviruses |
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Term
| viral meningitis incidence increases in __ and __ __. |
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Definition
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Term
Enteroviruses are spread by hand-to-mouth contact and to a lesser extent by respiratory and fecal routes.
Among viruses, enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Childhood rhinitis, sore throat, conjunctivitis, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) |
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Term
| Parainfluenza virus results in : |
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Definition
|
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Term
| virus that causes common cold: |
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Definition
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