Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Disease Detectives Vocabulary 2013
N/A
51
Microbiology
Not Applicable
03/24/2013

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cluster
Definition
an aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space, regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number
Term
Outbreak
Definition
more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular peroid of time
Term
Epidemic
Definition
large numbers of people over a wide geographical area are affected
Term
Pandemic
Definition
an epidemic occuring over several countries or continents and affecting a large proportion of the population
Term
Surveillance
Definition
The systematic and ongiong collection, anaylasis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. The purpose of public health surveillance is to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease, injury, and ohter health problems in a community so that we can work towards their prevention and control.
Term
Plague
Definition
A serious, potentially life-threathening infectious disease that is usually transmitted to humansbyt he bites of rodent fleas. It was one of the scourges of our early history. There are three major forms of the disease: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic.
Term
Vector
Definition
An animal that transmits disease For example a mosquito is a vector for malaria.
Term
Fomite
Definition
a physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person
Term
Risk
Definition
the probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span
Term
Zoonosis
Definition
an infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans
Term
Incubation Period
Definition
time in between when a person somes into contact with a pathogen and when they first show symptoms or signs of disease
Term
Endemic Disease
Definition
present at a continuous level throughout a population/geographic area; constant presence of an agent/health condition within a given geographic area/population; refers to the usual prevalence of an agent/condition
Term
Agent
Definition
a microbial organism with the ability to cause disease
Term
Reservoir
Definition
a place where agents can thrive and reproduce
Term
Portal of Exit
Definition
A place of exit providing a way for an agent to leave the reservoir; the route a pathogen takes out of an infected host.
Term
Mode of Transmission
Definition
Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another; the transfer of disease-causing microrganisms from one environment to another, particularly from an external environment to a susceptible individual. There are three general categories of transmission: contact, vehicle, and vector.
Term
Portal of Entry
Definition
an opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host; the route a pathogen takes to enter the host
Term
Susceptible host
Definition
a person who cannot resist a microrganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection
Term
Infectivity
Definition
capacity to cause infection in a susceptible host
Term
Pathogenity
Definition
capacity to cause disease in a host
Term
Virulence
Definition
severity of disease that the agent causes to host
Term
1st Step of Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Prepare for field work
Term
2nd Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Establish the Existence of an Outbreak-Consider Severity, Potential for Spread, Public Concern, and Availability of Resources
Term
3rd Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Verify the Diagnosis
Term
4th Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Define and Identify Cases-Case
Definition and Line Listing
Term
5th Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Develop and Orient the Data in Terms of Person, Place, and Time-Descri[tive Epidemiology
Term
6th Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Develop Hypotheses (Agent/Host/Environment Triad)=Chain of Transmission
Term
7th Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Evaluate Hypotheses-Analytical Studies (MUST Have a Control Group)
Term
8th Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Refine Hypothesis and Carry Out Additional Studies
Term
9th Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Implement Control and Prevention Measures (ASAP!!!)
Term
10th Step to Investigating an Outbreak
Definition
Communicate Findings
Term
Primary Prevention
Definition
Early intervention to aviod initial exposuree to agent of disease preventing the process from starting
Term
Secondary Prevention
Definition
During hte latent stage (when the disease has just began), process of screening and instituting treatment may prevent may prevent progression to symptomatic disease
Term
Tertiary Prevention
Definition
During the symptomatic stage (when the patient shows symptoms), intervention may arrest, slow, or reverse the progression of disease
Term
Odds Ratio
Definition
used in case-control study, ad/bc
Term
Relative Risk
Definition
used in cohort study, (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))
Term
Attack Rate
Definition
The rate that a group experienced an outcome or illness equal to the number sick divided by the total in that group. (There should be a high attack rate in those exposed and a low attack rate in those unexposed.) For the exposed: a/(a+b) For the unexposed: c/(c+d)
Term
2*2 Table
Definition
table which has two columns and rows for people with or without exposure and with or without disease; shows amount of people with each characteristic
Term
Epi-Curves
Definition
a histogram that shows the course of an outbreak by plotting the number of cases of a condition according to teh time of onset
Term
Contact Transmission
Definition
Sub-categories include direct (perosn-to-person), indirect (fomite), or droplet
Term
Vehicle Transmission
Definition
Transmission via a medium, such as food, air, and liquid, which are all routinely taken into the body, and thus serve as vehicles into the body
Term
Vector Transmission
Definition
no entry
Term
Point Source Epidemic
Definition
occur when people are exposed to teh same exposure over a limited, well defined period of time. The shape of the curve commonly rises rapidly and contains a definite peak followed by a gradual decline.
Term
Continuous Common Source Epidemic
Definition
Occur when the exposure to the source is prolonged over an extended peiod of time and may occur over more thatn one incubation period . The down slope of the curve may be very sharp if the common source is removed or gradual if the outbreak is allowed to exhaust itself
Term
Propogated (Progressive Source) Epidemics
Definition
Occur when a case of disease serves as a source of infection for subsequent cases and those subsequent cases, in turn, serve as sources for later cases. The shape of this curve ususally contains a series of successively larger peaks, reflective of the increasing number of cases caused by person-to-person contact, until the pool of those susceptible is exhausted or control measures are implemented.
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
the study if distribution and dterminants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this to control health problems. There are four basic reasons for why disease detectives study and research outbreaks and epidemics.
Term
Etiology
Definition
the study of the causes of diseases
Term
Morbidity
Definition
the proportion of sickness or of a specific disease in a geographical locality
Term
Enrironmental Disease-Causing Agents
Definition
◦Smoking, air pollution
◦Flooding and drought
◦Extreme heat, UV exposure
◦Pesticides, chemical spills, lead contamination
◦Water pollutants, heavy metals
◦Ventilation pollutants
◦Noise induced hearing loss
◦Waste and toxic substance
◦Food contamination
◦Other pathogenic agents as prio
Term
Mortality
Definition
the relative frequency of deaths in a specific population; death rate
Term
Natality
Definition
birthrate
Supporting users have an ad free experience!