Term
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Definition
| A follow-up of exposed and non-exposed gorups, with a comparison of disease rates during the time covered. Uses relative risk |
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Definition
| Works backward from effect or illness to suspected cause. also:retrospective comparison of exposures of persons with a disease with those of persons without a disease.Uses odds ratio. |
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Definition
| A study design in which cases where individuals who had an outcome event in question are collected and analyzed after the outcomes have occurred. |
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Definition
| The number of new cases of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a specified time period in a given population. |
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Definition
| The number of new cases of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a specified time period in a given population. |
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Definition
| the proportion of persons with a particular disease within a given population at a given time. |
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Definition
| the ratio of the probability of developing, in a specified period of time, an outcome among those exposed to a risk factor compared to the probability of developing the outcome if the risk factor is not present.Used in cohort study. (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d)) |
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Definition
| A study design in which one or more groups (cohorts) of individuals who have not had the outcome event in question are monitored for the number of such events which occur over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| (localized epidemic) – more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time. |
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Definition
| large numbers of people over a wide geographic area affected. |
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Term
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Definition
| an aggregation of cases over a particular period esp. cancer & birth defects closely grouped in time and space regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number. (often the expected number of cases is not known.) |
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Term
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Definition
| An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host. An organism that transmits the infection as a mosquito transmits the malaria protozoans |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person. A comb infested with one or more head lice would be a fomite or the dust particles containing infectious cold virus that remain after droplets of infected saliva are coughed into the air. |
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Definition
| An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The systematic, ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. The purpose of public health surveillance is to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease, injury, and other health problems in a community so that we can work toward controlling and preventing them |
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Term
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Definition
1. The microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease.
2. It must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture.
3. It must reproduce the original disease when introduced into a susceptible host.
4. It must be found in the experimental host so infected |
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Term
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Definition
An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and
usually affecting a large proportion of the population |
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Term
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Definition
establish with the 4 components or standard criteria for determining
who has the disease or condition
(1) Clinical information – about the disease or condition
(2) Characteristics- of the affected people
(3) Location or place- as specific as possible as restaurant, county, or several specific areas
(4) Time sequence- specific time during which the outbreak or condition occurred |
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Term
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Definition
a histogram showing
the course of the disease or outbreak to identify the source of the exposure. Must compare number of cases to time. |
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Term
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Definition
case report = detail report of a single patient from
one or more doctors while case series = characteristics of several patients |
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Term
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Definition
correlates general characteristics of the population with
health problem frequency with several groups during the same period of time |
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Term
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Definition
correlate within the same population at different
point in time |
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Term
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Definition
a survey of a population where participants are selected
irrespective of exposure or disease status |
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Term
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Definition
| correlate relative to specific ecologic factors as diet |
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Term
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Definition
1.Host - person getting disease and factors of him
2.Agent - what caused the condition
3.Environment - where it occurred and how it related to spread of disease
4. Vector - transmitter of disease (Vectors aren't always considered part of the triad.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this to control health problems |
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Definition
| population oriented, studies community origins of health problems related to nutrition, environment, human behavior, and the psychological, social, and spiritual state of a population. The event is more aimed towards this type of epidemiology. |
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Term
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Definition
| studies patients in health care settings in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases and the prognosis for patients already affected by a disease. |
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Term
| What is needed to determine the cause/effect relationship? |
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Definition
1.Strength of association - relationship must be clear
2.Consistency - observations must be repeatable in different populations at different times
3.Temporality - the cause must precede the effect
4.Plausibility - the explanation must make sense biologically
5.Biological gradient - there must be a dose-response relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to cause infection in a susceptible host |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity to cause disease in a host |
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Term
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Definition
| severity of disease that the agent causes to host |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate transfer of agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs through kissing, skin-to-skin contact, and sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| direct transmission by direct spray over a few feet, before droplets fall to ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| agent is carried from reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles, vectors, or vehicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| inanimate intermediaries (objects) that carry agent. aka fomite |
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Term
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Definition
| when the agent undergoes changes within the vector, and the vector serves as both an intermediate host and a mode of transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| early intervention to avoid initial exposure to agent of disease preventing the process from starting |
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Term
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Definition
| during the latent stage (when the disease has just begun), process of screening and instituting treatment may prevent progression to symptomatic disease |
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Term
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Definition
| during the symptomatic stage (when the patient shows symptoms), intervention may arrest, slow, or reverse the progression of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| is calculated to evaluate the possible agents & vehicles of transmission. Used in case control ad/bc |
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Term
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Definition
| Tells whether the reuslts of the study can be used. measures how confident youa re that your findings are correct. You can only trust your findings to be correct if the p-value is less than .05. Also: p-value is the probability that your sample could have been drawn fromt he populations being tested |
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Term
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Definition
| time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, or chemical or adiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. Range of minutes to 30 years |
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Term
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Definition
| occur over limited, well-defined period of time. Shape of curve rises rapidly and contains definite peak followed by gradual decline |
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Term
| Continuous common source epidemic |
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Definition
| occurs when the exposure ot the source is prolonged over an extended period of time |
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Term
| Propagated (progressive source) epidemic |
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Definition
| occur when a case of diseases serve later as a source of infection for subsequent cases. shape of curve is successively larger peaks |
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