•  Refers to the process through which talk makes available to participants and observers who the people doing the talking must be. Talk does identity work. Through people’s choices about to talk is how identity work is accomplished- pictures of who people must be. Peoples preexisting identities (nationality, age) work to shape how they will talk 

• How they show their character

• generated relationship with conversational partner during that particular place and time

• talk makes available to participants and observers who the speaker truly is
• Talk does identity work. Through persons choices about to talk  is how identity work is accomplished
• Peoples preexisting identities (nationality, age) work to shape how they will talk

• quantity- say just the right amount
• quality- say what they believe to be true
• relevance- make their comments relevant
• manner- be orderly and avoid ambiguous, obscure phrases

• references the work a person's talk does to maintain, support, or challenge the conversational partner's identities.
• The way we talk to each other attempts to change their identity to how we want it

• Trying to achieve a desired image throughout interaction that we imply, but do not plainly express
• Done implicitly and is an accomplishment- refers to image/face, not personal or relational identity.

• Communicators are acting within larger systems of meaning, social structures are not of their own making. Understands the fact that groups of people will speak and interpret the actions of those around them in patterned ways. To understand talk, we need to recognize how groups channel communicative action. 

• the opinion one person in a community has is not going to be personal, but will be shared by other members of that same community

• shared ways of talking and thinking

• A communities interpersonal beliefs about interpersonal issues: people, relationships, and communicative action
• What communicative acts count as being reasonable, fair, what are appropriate identities

• Kinship terms: dif names given to relatives
• Titles: mister, sir, miss, mrs, etc
• Marital names: modern; couples give child hyphenated last na
• Nick names and endearments: sweetie, honey, junior, etc

• When we refer to others, we identify them as men or women, black or white
• English cannot be spoken without repeatedly marking the people being mentioned

•  Language influences how we interpret the world. Thought is relative to language. If language determines thought, then speakers of different languages will experience the world differently
• Ex: "guardians of pets" may treat their pets different than "a pet owner"

• assumed categories for reffering to people
• EX: the baby cried. The mom picked it up
• we assume it was the baby's mom and not another mother
• If one reference is made about a person that lies in the same category, other references will follow that lay in that category

• the social meaning of a short segment of talk. The meaning depends on the context.
• EX: Watch out, the ground is slippery (speech act of warning to be careful)

• DIRECTIVES- attempt to get another person to do something (ex. Telling, demanding)
• REPRESENTATIVES- report a stat of affairs in the work ( Its raining outside)
• COMMISIVES- commits a speaker to a future course of action with regard to another. (Promising, swearing, threatening)
• DECLARATIVES- transform people and situations from one type to another ( I know pronounce you husband and wife)
• EXPRESSIVES- talk whose primary function is to display or reveal a speakers feelings (crying, laughing, venting) 

• #1- Preexisting identities shape speech act performances:
• International and master identities will constrain which speech acts will be expected, allowed, or prohibited. Ex: Teacher- directives will be stronger, Student- will be softer. Interaction identity shape what we do.
• #2- Doing speech acts shape relational and personal identities:
• Relationships are not fixed but change over time. Strangers become friends.
• #3- Speech acts are distinctive and/or create different expectations in different speech communities (it’s hard to see our own)
• A speech community evolves ways of talking that are prized within that community and distinctive to it
• Sounding- men and boys making insulting-sounding comments to have fun, show verbal skill, and show rejection of society’s proper behaviors. Individual performance.
• #4- Form vs. function need to be distinguished- interaction meaning
• Apology: I’m sorry can mean different things. 

• Advising: seen as being helpful and caring but can be perceive as being critical of the others competence.
• Reproaching: term use to reference the family of speech acts in which one person raises a question about the goodness of the others actions.
•  Accounts and Accounting- focus of actions- Accounts: speech acts designed to mend social trouble when actions are subjected to evaluation.  Accounting: link the speech acts of accounts but references the broader activity of reason giving and explaining. 

• Audible sounds and the vocal quality of speech.
• Exerts certain feelings for the individual.
• High level of stuttering and nonfluent speech (frequent and long pausing, “uhs” and “ums”) express negative feelings. Positive feelings=rapid flowing speech

• Speaking English and especially the speaking of certain dialects of English is a strong cure that a person is a native born American. 

• speakers will talk more like their partners when they want to be effective and approved of

• Switching from English to another language, makes master identities visible
• Language leads to Identity

• law that established english as the official language of the U.S.
• Reasons for it:
• increased level of immigration
• students not learning proper english in schools
• universal comprehension and equal opportunity for the children of immigrants

• the official english movement is an english-only movement in disguise
• certain places make it a requirement
• promotes discrimination towards non-english speakers
• lowers self-esteem and academic performance of non-english speakers

• pairs of acts usually found together to explain orderliness of conversation
• If an expected second pair is not forthcoming, communicators will give social meaning to its absence, one conversational practice to enact the identity is to refrain from doing a speech act where it would be expected
• insertion sequence- involve an inserted adjacency pair to determine if some condition applies that would make the conversationally preferred option possible

• conversational places where speaker turns can occur
• grammar (end of questions and statements)
• intonation (rising or falling)
• nonverbals (hand gestures coming to rest at the body)
• silence

• direct- speakers intended action reflected in words
• Direct statement directives (imperative “repay the loan”, obligation “You have to repay the load,” performance “”I must ask you to repay the load”)
• Query directive (permission “may I ask you to relay to load, ability “ can you pay the load”, willingness “ Would you mind)
• Hint directive (question, “ do you remember the money I lent to you?”, strong- “I could use the money, I lend to you”, mild- “ I have run out of cash” 

• Deductive organization: claim followed by reasons/evidence

• Mitigation markers: indirect- “I hate to say this but…”
• Upgraders: direct- “ get the HELL out of here” “you are SO not getting an A
• Euphemism: indirect- nicer word for something nasty. “passed away” for “died”

• EX: the "cautionary tale" performs the speech act of warning
• indirect way of performing face-threatening acts

• Telling the story of an event in a way that highlights particular types of personal or master identities

• altercasting the recipient of the story as a worthy recipient and/or confidant
• conarration signals closeness

• telling stories of conflicts/debates/disagreements to inform the recipient whose side we're on; recipient can also use the occasion to take sides

• telling stories to convey views that would cast doubt on the teller's morality or sanity. 
• EX: expressing prejudice

• members of different speech communities tell different stories about different things
• narration style varies

• communicated attitude towards person, topic, and situation

• word choices/phrasing
• gesture, vocal, gaze, facial
• recognizing certain ways of doing certain acts

• Stance- the view on a topic at the moment
• Style- usual way of speaking

• polite way to name something that is regarded as unimportant by another person
• little stuff helps us understand what went wrong in our interactions with others

• We use available identities to 'be someone" to others (so others can relate to us)
• Ranges from groups, organizations and individuals all do it

• we struggle when we have competing goals
• EX: parent a kid and love

• Segments where people murmur congratulations, say goodbye, or laugh at the same time... cooperative or supportive... not troublesome 

Various socially and culturally constructed categories such as gender, race, class, disability, and other axes of identity somewhat intersect/relate to each other on multiple and often simultaneous levels

o   The IM of an utterance is it’s meaning for the participants in the situation in which the utterance occurred. 

o   Given/given off- difference between meanings that are intentionally given. Communicators may work to create certain impression or may do so on accident.

o   EX: You need to go change