Term
| What does the digestive system consist of? (at least 10) |
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Definition
| mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus, and accessory organs.. i.e. salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
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Term
| Two major functions of the gastrointestinal tract? |
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Definition
| Absorb nutrients and to protect the body from food-borne bacteria |
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Term
| The rate of overall absorption of nutrients from a meal is mainly limited by: |
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Definition
| The rate of gastric emptying |
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Term
The stomach can accommodate, and temporarily store relatively large loads of food through the mechanism of receptive relaxation of the fundal region of the organ. This phenomenon is signaled by?
1) gallbladder contraction
2) the rate of chylomicron transport through the lymph
3) the gastrocholic reflex
4) a vagally-mediated neural reflex, triggered during the cephalic phase of a meal
5) Enteropeptidase |
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Definition
| 4) a vagally-mediated neural reflex, triggered during the cephalic phase of a meal |
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Term
The stomach can accommodate, and temporarily store relatively large loads of food through the mechanism of receptive relaxation of the fundal region of the organ. This phenomenon is signaled by?
1) gallbladder contraction
2) the rate of chylomicron transport through the lymph
3) the gastrocholic reflex
4) a vagally-mediated neural reflex, triggered during the cephalic phase of a meal
5) Enteropeptidase |
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Definition
| 4) a vagally-mediated neural reflex, triggered during the cephalic phase of a meal |
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|
Term
The stomach can accommodate, and temporarily store relatively large loads of food through the mechanism of receptive relaxation of the fundal region of the organ. This phenomenon is signaled by?
1) gallbladder contraction
2) the rate of chylomicron transport through the lymph
3) the gastrocholic reflex
4) a vagally-mediated neural reflex, triggered during the cephalic phase of a meal
5) Enteropeptidase |
|
Definition
| 4) a vagally-mediated neural reflex, triggered during the cephalic phase of a meal |
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|
Term
The stomach can accommodate, and temporarily store relatively large loads of food through the mechanism of receptive relaxation of the fundal region of the organ. This phenomenon is signaled by?
1) gallbladder contraction
2) the rate of chylomicron transport through the lymph
3) the gastrocholic reflex
4) a vagally-mediated neural reflex, triggered during the cephalic phase of a meal
5) Enteropeptidase |
|
Definition
| 4) a vagally-mediated neural reflex, triggered during the cephalic phase of a meal |
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Term
The two major types of muscle contraction occurring in the intestine during the processing of nutrients are
1) peristaltic and the migrating myoelectric complex
2) Peristaltic and segmenting contractions
3) Segmenting and oscillating contractions
4) peristaltic and enteric contractions
5) Peristaltic and gonadotropic contractions |
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Definition
| peristaltic and segmenting contractions |
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Term
Most of the fluid entering the GI tract is
1) reabsorbed
2) Ingested
3) Excreted in the feces
4) Actively transported out of the enterocytes
5) Chyme |
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Definition
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Term
The cellular mechanism which best describes how glucose and amino acids are absorbed is
1) paracellular diffusion
2) antigen presentation
3) secondary active transport
4) tertiary active transport
5) apical glucose-hydrogen exchange |
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Definition
| secondary active transport |
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Term
The function of bile salts in the intestine is to
1) Carry out the enzymatic breakdown of triglycerides into mono-glycerides and free fatty acids
2) Increase the surface area of protein in the stomach
3) Stabilize fat emulsions
4) Promote absorption of all water-soluble vitamins
5) Inhibit gastric acid secretion |
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Definition
| 3) stabilize fat emulsions |
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Term
9. A person suffers from steatorrhea (fatty diarrhea) every time he eats large amounts of fat in his diet. What is/are a/some possible explanation(s) for this?
1) A genetic defect in enteropeptidase
2) Overly rapid gastric emptying rate
3) Biliary insufficiency (i.e. poor bile production)
4) Pancreatic insufficiency (i.e. poor pancreatic exocrine secretion)
5) All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Signals arising during the intestinal phase of a meal result in
1) Slowing of gastric emptying and increased salivary secretion
2) Gallbladder contraction and an increase in intestinal luminal pH (i.e. decreased acid concentration)
3) Stimulation of gastric emptying and secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas
4) Decreased absorption of fat
5) 2 and 3 |
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Definition
| 2) Gallbladder contraction and an increase in intestinal luminal pH (i.e. decreased aid concentration) |
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Term
OVer a period of several weeks, a man is found to have an average basal (resting) metabolism of 1900 kcal (7950 kJ) per day. His avg daily energy intake is determined to be 1750 kcal per day. This man is
1) in energy balance
2) obviously obese
3) losing weight
4) gaining weight
5) hyperventilating |
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Definition
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Term
Metabolism includes
1) glucose oxidation
2) Catabolism
3) Lipogenesis
4) Gluconeogenesis
5) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
In a normal (non-diabetic) person, events occurring immediately after a meal include
1) elevated insulin levels
2) fatty acid synthesis
3) breakdown of body protein
4) 1 & 2
5) glycogenolysis |
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Definition
| 4) elevated insulin levels and fatty acid synthesis |
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Term
| Where are chylomicrons produced and released from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chylomicrons are the transport vehicle for dietary ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chylomicrons can or cannot pas through the vascular endothelium? why or why not? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chylomicrons are depleted of triglyceride by peripheral tissues, then taken up by the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
Under normal conditions, carbon from all metabolic fuels ultimately feeds into
1) the urea cycle
2) glycogen
3) the TCA cycle
4) the beta cells of the pancreas
5) ketone bodies |
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Definition
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Term
A person following the Atkins diet (high protein, low carb) would probably have which of the following?
1) elevated plasma insulin and glucagon
2) plasma glucose levels in excess of 200mg/dL
3) Virtually no glucose in plasma at all
4) severa inflammation in visceral adipose tissue
5) elevated VLDL |
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Definition
| 1) elevated plasma insulin and glucagon |
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Term
| The actions of both insulin and glucagon are mediated by _________ which are linked to _______ ______ _________. |
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Definition
| cell surface receptors which are linked to intracellular signaling pathways |
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Term
| In a resting individual, the most important factor under regulation by the balance between insulin and glucagon is? |
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Definition
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Term
Patients suffering from prolonged obesity are often found to have atherosclerotic plaques i their coronary arteries. This may result, in part, from
1) a chronic, body-wide inflammatory state triggered by greatly increased fat stored in adipose tissue
2) injury to the vascular endothelium which allows more LDL to gain access to the sub endothelial space
3) plaque instability leading to pieces of plaque breaking loose and ultimately plugging narrow vessels downstream
4) 1 & 2
5) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Release of an end effector hormone which is under the control of the hypothalami-pituitary regulatory axis is characterized by
1) responsiveness to emotional stimuli such as fear or anger
2) a circadian rhythm
3) changes in nutritional state
4) feedback control of its associated releasing and trophic hormones
5) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when the stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland is severed? |
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Definition
| loss of circadian variations in plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol |
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Term
| A student feels stressed and anxious about the upcoming physiology exam. She feels jittery all the time, her appetite is depressed, and she finds that she's lost several pounds several pounds in less than one week. Her adrenal gland is churning out ________ and _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The major bioactive form of thyroid hormone is? |
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Definition
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Term
| In Grave's Disease, certain immunoglobulin proteins cause excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland. Although these patients show very high levels of T3 and T4, they sometimes have goiter just like iodine-deficient people who have no T3 and Y4 at all. Why might goiter be seen in both these hyper- and hypothyroid conditions? |
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Definition
| Excessive trophic response (growth) of the thyroid follicular epithelium causes the gland to swell |
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Term
| In Grave's Disease, certain immunoglobulin proteins cause excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland. Although these patients show very high levels of T3 and T4, they sometimes have goiter just like iodine-deficient people who have no T3 and Y4 at all. Why might goiter be seen in both these hyper- and hypothyroid conditions? |
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Definition
| Excessive trophic response (growth) of the thyroid follicular epithelium causes the gland to swell |
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Term
The adrenal gland produces and releases
1) sex steroids and glucocorticoids
2) glucocorticoids and growth hormone
3) insulin and ACTH
4) glucocorticoids and thyroglobulin |
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Definition
| sex steroids and glucocorticoids |
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Term
| Growth hormone probably plays its most important role in growth when? |
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Definition
| During childhood-adolescence |
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Term
| The physiological role of bone resorption (breakdown) is to increase ______ levels in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone release increases resorption of bone which increases plasma calcium? |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone release |
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Term
| A thyroid tour which over-produces calcitonin would _____ the actions of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. |
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Definition
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Term
Breakdown of glucose under anaerobic conditions can support
1) effort of only low-moderate intensity
2) Max intensity effort that is limited in duration
3) max intensity effort lasting for several hours
4) storage of energy as fat
5) none of the above |
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Definition
| 2) max intensity effort that is limited in duration |
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Term
Endurance training increases the ability of the body to oxidize fat to provide ATP for skeletal muscle contraction. Changes in the muscle which contribute to this phenomenon include
1) release of adrenaline
2) increased mitochondrial activity
3) increased numbers of mitochondria
4) decreased numbers of mitochondria
5) 2 & 3 |
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Definition
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Term
| During exercise, the body's response is to decrease/increase resistance to blood flow in the exercising muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
Among the long-term benefits of regular moderate exercise are
1) increased insulin resistance
2) lowered plasma triglyceride and elevated plasma HDL
3) increased insulin sensitivity
4) increased susceptibility to infection
5) 2 and 3 |
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Definition
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Term
A guy trying to impress his friends tries running a half marathon without training, saying that will power is enough to get through. He collapses before the halfway point.. what is the simplest explanation for this apparent failure of the "power of positive thinking"?
1) overstimulation of parasympathetic reflexes which cause his brain to shut down
2) too much lactic acid buildup in his muscles
3) excessive protein breakdown and ammonia toxicity
4) intensity of effort beyond his level of training caused a fall in his blood glucose levels
5) none of these |
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Definition
| 4) intensity of effort beyond his level of truing caused a fall in blood glucose levels |
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Term
A guy trying to impress his friends tries running a half marathon without training, saying that will power is enough to get through. He collapses before the halfway point.. what is the simplest explanation for this apparent failure of the "power of positive thinking"?
1) overstimulation of parasympathetic reflexes which cause his brain to shut down
2) too much lactic acid buildup in his muscles
3) excessive protein breakdown and ammonia toxicity
4) intensity of effort beyond his level of training caused a fall in his blood glucose levels
5) none of these |
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Definition
| 4) intensity of effort beyond his level of truing caused a fall in blood glucose levels |
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Term
The differentiation of testes from the bipotential gonads is triggered by
1) secretion of testosterone
2) secretion of anti-mullarian hormone
3) development of the epididymis
4) Expression of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome
5) regression of the Mullarian duct |
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Definition
| $) expression of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome |
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Term
The differentiation of testes from the bipotential gonads is triggered by
1) secretion of testosterone
2) secretion of anti-mullarian hormone
3) development of the epididymis
4) Expression of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome
5) regression of the Mullarian duct |
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Definition
| $) expression of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome |
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