Term
|
Definition
| breaking down of food materials for use by body cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breakdown of food into small molecules that can be used by body
accomplished by enzymes and acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chewing-teeth and tongue mix and break food into small pieces
churning-stomach and small intestines mix food with enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
innermost lining of digestive tract with specialized layers
three sublayers-epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium in mouth and esophagus and anal canal. protects against abrasion and infection
simple columnar in stomach and intestine- absorbs food and secretes mucus, enzymes and hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connective tissue that has blood and lymph vessels
supports epithelium while transporting nutrients |
|
|
Term
| muscularis mucosae (mucosa) |
|
Definition
smooth muscle of two layers
circular inner layer and longitudinal outer layer
causes folds in mucosa for increased surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose connective tissue that binds mucosa to third layer
blood, lymph vessels, and nerve endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of mouth, pharynx, esophagus-skeletal muscle creates swallowing
rest is smooth muscle of inner circular fibers and longitudinal outer fibers. (stomach has third layer, large intestine has single layer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of connective tissue, visceral peritoneum for protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chamber where food is placed while eating
lips, cheeks, and tongue manipulate food for chewing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dentin-soft inner substance
enamel-harder external layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
incisors-for nipping and biting
canines-ripping stabbing
premolars, molars-grinding and chewing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
floor of oral cavity
dorsal surface covered in papillae-filiform and fungiform |
|
|
Term
| filiform papillae (tongue) |
|
Definition
conical projections in parallel rows
anterior 2/3 of tongue-no taste buds, gives gripping power |
|
|
Term
| fungiform papillae (tongue) |
|
Definition
mushroom projections among filiform papillae
dense near tip
has taste buds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three pairs-parotid, sublingular, submandibulars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| near ears that open into upper second molar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| under the tongue that opens to the floor of mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| under base of tongue, opens to lower incisors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
99% water, 0.5% solutes (salts)
mucin, lysozyme, salivary amylase, growth factor, lingual lipase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Saliva
forms mucus coat on food, from submandibular and sublingual glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
saliva
from parotid gland
breaks down startch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
saliva
recently found in humans
purpose is to help in healing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
keeps mucus membranes moist
dissolves chemicals for taste
lubricates
initiates chemical digestion of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ball of chewed food and swallowed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10" long
connects pharynx with stomach
passes through diaphragm
1/3 skeletal muscle, 2/3 smooth muscle
secretes mucus that moves bolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involuntary waves of muscle contractions
circular muscles above the bolus contract and push bolus down
longitudinal muscles below bolus contract to open esophagus for bolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
J shaped, 1.5 liters
parts-cardia, fundus, body, pylorus, greater and lesser curvatures, rugae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stomach
portion where esophagus joins stomach
contains cardiac sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stomach
rounded portion superior and left of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
portion that connects to duodenum
contains pyloric sphincter-between stomach and small intestine |
|
|
Term
| greater and lesser curvatures |
|
Definition
greater-convex outer curve
lesser-inner concave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large folds in the wall- increases surface area of stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
three layers of muscle for mixing
oblique, circular, and longitudinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple columnar that extend into lamina propria for gastric pits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes mucus for stomach protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete pepsinogen-chief gastric enzyme that attacks proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
food remains in fundus ~1 hr before mixing with gastric juice
in stomach-carb, fat, lipid digestion continue in stomach.
lingual lipase and salivary lipase are active until mixed with gastric juice.
acidic environment kills bacteria and and unwinds proteins
hormones stimulate flow of bile and pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins in stomach with pepsin breaking peptide bonds
effective at low pH
little absorption in stomach(water, ions, and some drugs, caffeine, alcohol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6" long triangular behind stomach
empties pancreatic juice into duodenum-sodium bicarbonate and enzymes raise pH and digest carbs, proteins and fats more |
|
|
Term
| secretion of pancreatic juice |
|
Definition
| secretion caused by vagus nerve and movement of chyme in small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
largest gland in body (3lb)
functional unit-lobule
secretes bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~1 qt a day
pH between 7-8
contains h20, bile salts, bile acids, cholesterol, pigments ions, and lecthin (phospholipid)
functions to emulsify lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phospholipid lecthin breaks lipid into small drops
increases surface area to make enzymes more effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carb metabolism (converts glucose into glycogen)
protein/lipid metabolism
removal of drugs and hormones
detox
synthesis of bile salts
storage of glycogen and vitamins
phagocytosis of worn out blood cells
activation of vitamin D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small sac under liver
bile storage
connected to liver by duct leading to duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
23 feet long, 1" diameter
all absorption occurs here almost
three sections-duodenum(10"), jejunum(8'), and ileum(14') |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
folds in mucosa and submucosa that project into lumen
controls spiral movement of food
ileocecal valve-junction of small and large intestine |
|
|
Term
| mucosa structure (intestine) |
|
Definition
villi- projections from mucosa that give velvety appearance
increases Surface area
microvilli-fingerlike folds on surface to increase SA. absorption takes place here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intestinal juice, antibacterial enzymes, gastric acid neutralizers, various hormones |
|
|
Term
| carbohydrate chemical digestion |
|
Definition
starts in mouth and stomach
pancreatic amylase continues in small intestine-works on glycogen and starch, but not celulose
alpha dextrinase- clips off one glucose at a time
maltase, sucrase, and lactase- break up disaccharides |
|
|
Term
| protein chemical digestion |
|
Definition
starts in stomach with pepsin
pancreatic enzyme break peptide bonds as well
five pancreatic enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
majority occurs in small intestine
mostly triglycerides
bile salts break droplets into 1mm diameter
pancreatic lipase splits trigylcerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
|
|
Term
| nucleic acid chemical digestion |
|
Definition
| pancreatic juice breaks down with ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monosaccharides are absorbed
fructose-facilitated diffusion
glucose and galactose by secondary active transport with Na+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single amino acids-active transport in duodenum and jejunum
dipeptides and tripeptides-secondary active transport with Na+ into epithelieal cells
epithelieal cells convert to single amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short chain-diffusion
long chain-bonded to micelle(sphere of polar molecules soluble in water) then diffused through villi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small intestine absorbs 8.3 L by diffuion
large intestine absorbs .9L and .1L is in poop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5' long, 3-4 inches in diameter
ileocecal valve or sphincter
appendix
colon
rectum
anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right side of the body until right below the liver then turns left |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
horizontal across abdomen toward left side underneath the spleen
turns downward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goes down left side on top of ileum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from the top of the ileum at an angle to midline where it becomes rectum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal end of GI tract ending with anal sphincter muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacks villi, lots of goblet cells for mucus |
|
|
Term
| muscularis (large intestine) |
|
Definition
three bands called teniae coli
gathers large intestine to pouches called haustra |
|
|
Term
| mechanical digestion (large intestine) |
|
Definition
| haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haustra relaxed as fill, at certain point they contract and push food to next haustrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slower than in anterior portion of GI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong peristaltic wave that starts at transverse colon
pushes food to rectum (3-4 times a day after meal) |
|
|
Term
| chemical digestion (large intestine) |
|
Definition
bacteria does the digestion of carbs and protein
some B and K vitamins are produced by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| water absorption (large intestine) |
|
Definition
chyme is converted to feces 3-10 hours after reaching colon
contains water, inorganic salts, mucosal cells, bacteria/products, and undigested food
water absorbed by osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
splits nutrient molecule and releases energy
60% heat(maintain body temp), 40% chemical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combines smaller molecules into larger ones
stores energy, needed for maintenance, growth, and reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingested as complex carbs that must be broken down to monosaccharides before absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycolysis followed by krebs cycle (aerobic) and electron transfer system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outside mitochondria (anaerobic)
glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
4 ADP converted to 4 ATP
Net yield is 2 ATP and 2 NADh2(energy carrier) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ouside mitchondria
pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl CoA
produces 2 NADH2
Acetyl CoA reacts wtih oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6 CO2, 8 NAHDH2, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
Based on 2 pyruvic acid moelcules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inside mitochondria
molecules pass electrons along a chain to form ATP
electrons from NADH2 and FADH2 (NADH2 converted to FADH2)
3 ATP from NADH2 and 2 ATP form FADH2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NAD picks up H and passes it to pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid (ethanol is plants)
ethanol and lactic acid are toxic at high concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anabolic
joins glucose to larger sugar
occurs when blood glucose levels are above average (after meals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
splits up glycogen
regular cells split to glucose-6-phosphate
liver, kidneys, and intestineal mucose split to free glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formation of new glucose from proteins or glycerol from fats
occurs in liver |
|
|
Term
| control of glucose metabolism |
|
Definition
| insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, ACTH and glucocorticoids, growth hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced in pancreas
decreases blood glucose by accelerating movement through cell membrane
stimulates formation of glucose-6-phosphate
increases catabolism and glycogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced by alpha cells of pancreas
increases blood glucose levels
stimulates glycogenlysis-release by liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted by adrenall medulla
stimulates glycogenolysis in liver and muscle
increases blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increases blood glucose levels
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to increase glucocorticoids
glucocorticoids increase conversion of amino acids to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted by anterior pituitary
increases blood glucose
shifts from carb to fat catabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from triglycerides, phospholipids in membrane, and cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycerol and three fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chylomicrons, lipoproteins, fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small fat droplets in blood after absorption
recombination of fatty acids and glyceride
move toward adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
95% are in this form after meal
in blood, composed of lipid/protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enter blood and combine with albumin to form free fatty acids
when metabolizing fat, very common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trigylcerides are split into fatty acids and glycerol
fatty acids converted to Acetyl CoA and goes to citiric acid cycle
glycerol transformed and enters glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| lipid anabolism (lipogenesis) |
|
Definition
| made from excess fatty acids, glycerol, excess glucose, and amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
by hormones
inversely related to carb metabolism (if carbs meet needs, fat stops metabolizing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made from essential (10) and nonessential (10) amino acids
essential (cannot be metabolized) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one pathway-deamination
splitting of amino group from chain
results in ammonia molecule and keto acid (ammonia->ura and peed out)
keto acid enters citric acid cycle or converted to glucose/lipid |
|
|
Term
| protein metabolism control |
|
Definition
| growth hormone and testosterone or glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| protein and growth hormone |
|
Definition
| stimulates protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| protein and glucocorticoids |
|
Definition
speeds up protein metabolism
speeds rate at which proteins are broken |
|
|
Term
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
|
Definition
metabolic rate under resting conditions (awake, lying down)
body temp is normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body size (surface area/volume ratio), gender (males have higher BMR, less fat), age (younger is higher), thyroid hormone(stimulates BMR), body temp (fever increases BMR, 1C=13%), drugs (uppers increase BMR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amount of energy expended per unit time
determined by BMR, movement of skeletal muscles, time after a meal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
core temp remains constant if rate of heat production=heat loss (37C or 98.6C)
core temp, shell body temp, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inner organ temperature
if too high, causes protein denaturation
too low causes arrhythmias=death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exercise, age, hormones, nervous system, food ingestion, other factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| younger people have higher because of increased metabolism for growth |
|
|
Term
| heat production (hormones) |
|
Definition
thyroid increases BMR=heat increase
testosterone, insulin, HGH are smaller factors |
|
|
Term
| heat production (nervous system) |
|
Definition
| releases epinephrine and noepinephrine for increased metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| heat production (ingestion) |
|
Definition
| digesting food raises metabolic rate, especially after high protein meal, less after fat or carbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gender-lower in females
climate-lower in tropical
sleep-lower temp
malnutrition-lower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heat exchange between materials in direct contact (3%)
heat loss or gain is much greater when submerged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transfer of heat by movement of fluid between areas of different temp
faster movement is higher rate of convection
(12%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transfer of heat by IR between objects, no physical contact
(60%) loss by radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conversion of liquid to vapor
(22%) ~700mL water per day (300 exhaled, 400 from skin)
evaporation is first defense against overheating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2/3 of body fluid intracellular
1/3 extracellular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
80% interstitial fluid
20% plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
45-75% body mass
female 50% water, male 60% water, infant 75% water
adipose has little water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ingested water (2300mL/day)
metabolic water (200mL/Day) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breathing, urination, evaporation, feces |
|
|
Term
| thirst regulation (stimulation) |
|
Definition
| decreased saliva, increased blood osmotic pressure, decreased blood volume |
|
|
Term
| thirst regulation (stimulation) |
|
Definition
| decreased saliva, increased blood osmotic pressure, decreased blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulation of hypothalamus
increased angiotensin II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
moistening of mouth
stretching of stomach and intestines
decrease in osmotic pressure of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antidiuretic hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic hormone
overload increases blood pressure and kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inorganic substance that dissociates into ions in solution
electrical conductor
acid, base, salt
some organic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
covalent bond
doesn't dissociate in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
control osmosis of water between body compartments
maintains acid base balance
enzyme and electrical messenger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, magnesium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant electrolyte
required to generate ATP
controlled by antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone |
|
|
Term
| sodium and antidiuretic hormone |
|
Definition
low Na+ causes ADH to stop
decreases water concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases sodium absorption |
|
|
Term
| sodium and atrial natriuretic hormone |
|
Definition
| increases sodium and water excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant extracellular anion
diffuses easily
controlled by aldosterione (Na and Cl together) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant intracellular cation
establishes resting membrane potentials
maintains fluid volume in cell
regulated by aldosterone
abnormal levels affect muscles and heart function |
|
|
Term
| potassium and aldosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second most common extracellular anion
buffer in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant mineral in body (98% in bones)
regulated by parathyroid and calcitonin hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, maintenance of muscle tone, excitability of nerve and muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
85% in bones and teeth (calcium phosphate)
intracellular ion for buffer
regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
54% in bone, 45% in intracellular, 1% in extracellular
aids in protein and carb metabolism
regulated by kidney |
|
|
Term
| methods of controlling pH |
|
Definition
| buffer systems, exhalation of CO2, and excretion by kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein buffer system, carbonic acid, phosphate buffer system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant in body cells
hemoglobin does teh work in RBC
free carboxyl group or amino group
carboxyl is an acid, amino group (NH2) is a base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bicarbonate ion is weak base by binding to excess H+
carbonic acid is a weak acid that forms bicarbonate if H+ is needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monohydrogen phosphate ion is a base
dihydrogen phosphate is a weak acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pH can be adjusted within 1-3 minutes by changing ventilation
increasing ventilation increases pH (CO2 levels drop, carbonic acid decreases)
decreasing ventilation decreases pH ( CO2 levels increase, carbonic acid increases) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excretes acids produced by metabolism |
|
|
