Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of macromolecules into very small subunits that the body can absorb |
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Definition
| breaking of chemical (covalent) bonds by hydrolytic enzymes |
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Definition
| physical digestion of ntrients by tearing, grinding, chuming, etc |
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Definition
| transport of very small molecules from a digestive compartment into the circulatory system (usually the bloodstream) |
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Definition
| : removal of undigested material out of the digestive compartment |
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Definition
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Definition
| digestive juices (HCL, Pepsin, etc.) |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal Tract/ accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
| The digestive system is composed of |
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Term
| The GI tract/ alimentary canal |
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Definition
| a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus |
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Term
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine |
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Definition
| Organs of the GI tract include the |
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Term
| Accessory Digestive organs |
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Definition
teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands X3
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of taking food and liquids into the mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory digestive organs secrete a total of approx. 7 liters of water, acid, buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| lternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract mix food and secretions and propel them toward the anus. Also known as “gastric motility”= peristalsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the mechanical and chemical process of breaking down ingested food into small molecules |
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Definition
the teeth cut and grind food before it is
swallowed and then smooth muscles of the stomach and small
intestine churn the food. |
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Term
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Definition
the large carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic
acid molecules in food are split into smaller molecules by hydrolysis.
Digestive enzymes produced by the salivary glands, tongue, stomach,
Pancreas and small intestine catalyze these rx’s. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions and the small molecules that are products of digestion into the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract. |
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Definition
| pass into blood or lymph and circulate to cells throughout the body. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a process where wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria and cells are sloughed from the lining of the GI tract (as well as any digested materials that have not been absorbed) and leave the body through the anus |
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Term
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa |
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Definition
| The wall of the G.I. Tract from the lower esophagus to the anal canal has the same basic 4-layered arrangement of tissues. The 4 layers from deep to superficial are the: |
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Term
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Definition
| is a mucous membrane composed of epithelium in direct contact with the contents of the G.I. tract |
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Term
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| *The epithelium in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal is mainly |
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Term
| Simple Columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| . which functions in secretion and absorption lines the stomach and intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| the G.I. Tract epithelial cells slough off and are replaced by new cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| areolar C.T. containing many b.v.’s and lymphatic vessels, which are routes by which nutrients absorbed into the G.I. tract reach the other tissues of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains about as many immune cells as are present in all the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin layer of smooth muscle fibers throws the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine into many small folds, *which increase the surface area for digestion and absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of areolar C.T. that binds the mucosa to the muscularis. |
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Term
| Submucosal Plexus (Meissner's plexus |
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Definition
| an extensive network of neurons conveying sensory and motor neuron impulses to innervate the mucosa and submucosa. This plexus is important in controlling secretions by the G.I. Tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains skeletal muscle that produces voluntary swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| also forms the external anal sphincter, which permits voluntary control of defecation. |
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Term
| Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus) |
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Definition
| Between the layers of muscularis ; mostly controls G.I motility |
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Term
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Definition
| the frequency and strength of contraction of the muscularis |
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Term
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Definition
| is the superficial layer of the parts of the G.I. tract that are suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferior to the diaphragm the serosa is called |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest serous membrane of the body. It consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) with underlying C.T. |
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Term
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Definition
| The slim space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| In certain diseases (i.e. cirrhosis) the peritoneal cavity may become distended by the accumulation of several liters of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| contains large folds that weave between the viscera and bind the organs to each other and to the walls of the abdominal cavity. They also contain b.v.’s, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply the abdominal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| largest peritoneal fold and it drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| normally contains a considerable amount of adipose tissue which can greatly expand with weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
| suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fold of the peritoneum it binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fold of the peritoneum binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall |
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Term
| The mesentaary and Mesocolon |
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Definition
| hold the intestines loosely in place, allowing for a great amount of movement as muscular contractions mix and move the G.I. contents. |
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Term
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Definition
| acute inflammation of the peritoneum secondary to contamination by infectious microbes. This usually results from accidents or surgical wounds in the abdominal wall (or from perforations such as is seen with gunshot/stabbings). |
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Term
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Definition
| any cell or organ that releases a secretion called saliva into the oral cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| When food enters the mouth ___________ increases and it lubricates, dissolves, and begins the chemical breakdown of food |
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Term
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Definition
| Their secretions empty into ducts that lead to the oral cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| are located inferior and anterior to the ears (bet. The skin and the masseter muscle). It secretes saliva into the oral cavity via a parotid duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| found beneath the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth. Their secretions reach the oral cavity via submandibular ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| are superior to the submandibular glands. Their ducts (the lesser sublingual ducts) open into the floor of the mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
| are accessory digestive organs located in sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the alvelolar processes are covered by |
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Term
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Definition
| the sockets are lined by _______ which connects to the surface of the roots to hoold teeth in place |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| the visible portion above the levels of the gums |
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Term
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Definition
| embedded in the socket are 1-3 |
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Term
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Definition
| the constricted junction of the crown and root near the gumline |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily composed of dentin, a calcified CT that gives the tooth its basic shape and rigidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is harder than bone because of its higher content of calcium salts (70-75% calcium salts). |
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Term
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Definition
| The dentin encloses a cavity called ____ which lies within the crown and is filled with pulp |
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Term
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Definition
| a CT containing bv's, nerves, and lumphatic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow extensions of the pulp cavity are called ______ and run through the root of the tooth |
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Term
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Definition
| the dentin of the crown is covered by ____ that consists of 1 degree of calcium phosphate and CA+ carbonate |
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Term
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Definition
| the hardest substance in the body and functions to protect the tooth from the wear and tear of chewing. *It also protects against acids that can easily dissolve dentin. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st set of teeth (a.k.a. primary teeth or baby teeth) and usually erupt at 6 months of age. One pair of teeth appear each month after the 1st tooth erupts, until all 20 are present. |
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Term
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Definition
| are lost between the ages of 6-12 years and are replaced by the permanent (secondary) teeth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Between the ages of 6-adulthood 32 permanent teeth erupt. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________molars are replaced by the first and second premolars and are used for crushing and grinding. |
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Term
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Definition
| erupt into the mouth posterior to the premolars, do NOT replace any deciduous teeth and erupt as the jaw grows to accommodate them. (1st molars = age 6, the 2nd molars = age 12, the 3rd molars (wisdom teeth) = after age 17. |
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Term
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Definition
| Often the human jaw does not have enough room posterior to the 2nd molars to accommodate the eruption of the 3rd molars (wisdom teeth). In this case, the wisdom teeth (3rd molars) remain embedded in the alveolar bone and are said to be “impacted”. They often cause pressure and pain and must be removed surgically. Some people (like myself ) are lucky and the 3rd molars may NOT develop at all (or are dwarfed). |
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Term
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Definition
| J-shaped enlargement of the G.I. tract located inferior to the diaphragm in the LUQ. |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the esophagus via the e-hiatus. The posterior/inferior region of the stomach at the pylorus attaches to the duodenum (which is the first part of the small intestine). |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as a mixing chamber and holding reservoir (peristalsis & secretion of gastric acids). |
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Term
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Definition
| the most distensible part of the G.I. tract and can accommodate a large quantity of food (30cc). |
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Term
| the diaphragm pushes it inferiorly with each inspiration and pulls it superiorly with each expiration. |
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Definition
| The position of the stomach vary continally because |
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Term
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Definition
| portion surrounds the superior opening of the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the rounded portion superior and lateral to the cardia. |
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Term
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Definition
| the large central portion of the stomach inferior to the fundus. |
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Term
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Definition
| that region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| connects to the body of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| which leads into the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large folds called _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| The pylorus has a small sphincter at its distal end called the ____ which controls the gastric contents into the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a series of fingerlike villi, which are actually tiny hairlike projections (0.5-1mm long). |
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Term
| The large number of villi (20-40) |
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Definition
| function vastly to increase the S.A. of the epithelium available for digestion and absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize gastric acid in the chyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The submucosal layer of the duodenum contains glands called____ |
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Term
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Definition
| The mucosa contains many deep crevices lined |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells lining the crevices form the ____ ( intestinal glands) and secrete intestinal juice |
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Term
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Definition
| many of the epithelial cells in the mucosa are ____ which secrete mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients absorbed by the epithelial cells covering the villus pass through the wall of a capillary or _____ to enter blood or lymph respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of lymphatic nodules in the ileum |
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Term
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Definition
| the distal segment of the S.I and it contains numerous lymphatic nodules |
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Term
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Definition
| n some people the mucosal cells of the S.I. fail to produce enough ____ which is essential for the digestion of lactose |
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Term
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Definition
| People who suffer discomfort because the undigested lactose in chyme retains fluid in the feces. This results in the bacterial fermentation of lactose (production of gas). |
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Term
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Definition
| People with L.I can take ____ to aid the digestion of lactose |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest gland in the body and the 2nd largest organ (next to skin). It occupies the RUQ and part of the epigastric regions of the abdominopelvic cavity. |
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Definition
| will break down all drugs/ medications and toxic substances that you put in your system |
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Definition
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Definition
| produce bile that is then stored in the GB. |
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Definition
| a pear-shaped sac (3-4 in. long) located in a depression on the posterior/inferior surface of the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a temporary storage depot for bile (which is secreted by the hepatocytes). |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| function in emulsification |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of large lipid globules |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in the absorption of lipids following their digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| is made soluble in bile by bile salts & lecithin. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists mostly of water and bile acids, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments (bilirubin & biliverdin)and several ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| If bile contains either insufficient bile salts or lecithin or excessive cholesterol, the cholesterol may crystallize to form |
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Term
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Definition
| grow in both size and number and can cause a partial or complete obstruction to the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Using gallstone-dissolving drugs (don’t usually work )
2. Lithotripsy (shock wave therapy)
3. Surgery (either laproscopic or open removal cholecystectomy) |
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Term
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Definition
the terminal part of the G.I. tract is divided into : cecum is the initial segment connecting directly to the ileum of the small intestine.
***Colon is subdivided into 4 parts: |
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Term
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Definition
| initial segment connecting directly to the ileum of the small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
4. Sigmoid (S-shaped) colon
5. Rectum
6. Anal Canal Anus |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to the posterior abdominal wall by its mesocolon (a double layer of peritoneum). |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary) food passes through the esophagus. The esophageal sphincter, normally closed, opens to allow food to pass into the esophagus, when the larynx rises during swallowing. When food reaches the lower end of the esophagus, the cardiac sphincter opens to allow the food to enter the stomach. Phase 3: esophagus stomach |
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Term
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Definition
(involuntary) food passes through the pharynx:The soft palate & uvula fold upward and cover the nasopharynx to prevent the passage of food up and into the nasal cavity as pharynx receives bolus
The epiglottis, a flexible cartilaginous flap at the top of the larynx, folds down as the larynx rises, covering it, keeping food from entering the lungs while allowing it into the esophagus. Phase 2: pharynx esophagus
Cranial nerves involved: the vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The oral (buccal) phase : |
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Definition
(voluntary) food passes through the mouth. After mastication, the tongue forces the food bolus back, into the pharynx. Phase 1: mouth pharynx
Cranial nerves involved: the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammation of the pancreas and is frequently seen in association with alcohol abuse or chronic gallstones |
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Term
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Definition
a more severe condition and is associated with heavy alcohol intake or biliary tract obstruction. One of the reasons why this is more severe is pancreatic cells release either trypsin instead of trypsinogen or insufficient amounts of trypsin inhibitor. As a result, the trypsin begins to digest the pancreatic cells.
People usually respond to treatment but recurrent attacks are the rule. (very painful). |
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Term
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Definition
| The ileum opens into the large intestine at the |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferior to the ileocecal valve is the _____ which is a blind pouch about 6 cm |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to the cecum is the _______ a twisted, worm-like tube about 8 cm (3 inches) in length. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cecum merges with the _____ which is divided into ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid portions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Both the ascending and descending colon are |
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Term
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Definition
| goes up the right side of the abdomen until it reaches the inferior surface of the liver, at which point it abruptly turns left. |
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Term
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Definition
| Turning point from the interior surgace of the liver in which it abruptly turns left |
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Term
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Definition
| As the transverse colon continues straight across the abdomen to the left side, it hits the spleen and makes a downward turn. Technically the point of turning is called the |
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Term
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Definition
| the last 20 cm (8cm) of the G.I. tract and is actually anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. The terminal 2-3 cm (1 inch) of the rectum is called the anal canal. |
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Term
| internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter. |
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Definition
| The opening of the anal canal to the exterior is called the anus, and is gaurded by an _____________ |
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Term
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Definition
Is an inflammation of the appendix 2° to either:
1. an obstruction of the lumen by chyme.
2. a foreign body
3. carcinoma of the cecum
4. stenosis or kinking of the organ. |
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Term
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Definition
high fever
Elevated WBC count
Neutrophil count higher than 75%
Referred pain in the umbilical region
Anorexia (loss of appetite)
Nausea
Vomiting
Pain localizes in RLQ & is continuous, dull or severe |
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Term
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Definition
| When the inflammation in the appendix results in edema and ischemia, it can progress to ______ within 24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical removal of the appendix ____ is recommended because it is safer to operate than to risk rupture, peritonitis and gangrene. |
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Term
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Definition
99% produces digestive juices. (exocrine)
2. 1% produces endocrine hormones.(insulin comes from B cells and glucagon from alpha cells) |
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Term
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Definition
located in 2 body cavities:
The tail is retroperitoneal gland approx. 12-15 cm (5-6 inches) in length and 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick. The head is in the abdominal cavity. It lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| pass from the exocrine cells into small ducts that ultimately unite to form two larger ducts that convey the secretions into the small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the small intestine depends on the activities of the pancreas, liver and gallbladder. |
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