Term
| What is the muscular movement of the gut wall leading to the breakdown, mixing, and passge of ingested nutrients, then elimination of wastes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four overall functions of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| Digestion, Peristalsis, Secretion, and Absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four major layers of the G.I. tract |
|
Definition
| Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa |
|
|
Term
| What are the three tissue types in the Muscosa layer? |
|
Definition
| Epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the tissue type in the Submucosa? |
|
Definition
| Connective tissue layer with blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is the tissue type in the Muscularis? |
|
Definition
| Two layers of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What tissue type is in the Serosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Epithelium, Lamina Propria and Muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What tissue type is in the Epithelium sublayer of the mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar epithelium with mucous glands |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is in the lamina propria of the mucosa sublayer? |
|
Definition
| Loose areolar connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What tissue type is found in the Muscularis mucosa of the mucosa sublayer? |
|
Definition
| Thin layer of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for specialized columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The internal cavity of the g.i. tract is called the??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the surface epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus different from the rest of the g.i. tract? Why is it different? |
|
Definition
| Mouth pharynx and the initial part of the esophagus are of stratified squamous epithelium because it undergoes more abrasive actions of chewing, masserating and grinding food bulk before it is swallowed. |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the mucosa can you not see on our slides of the g.i. tract? |
|
Definition
| Muscularis mucosa, it is too thin for our scopes to discern |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the muscularis externa? |
|
Definition
| It contracts and moves villi and plicae |
|
|
Term
| The muscularis externa consists of what 2 sublayers? |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal and circular |
|
|
Term
| When the circular smooth muscle layers contracts what effect does this have on the g.i. tract? |
|
Definition
| It segments the food mass or segmentation contractions |
|
|
Term
| When the longitudinal smooth muscle layer contracts what effect does this have on the g.i. tract? |
|
Definition
| It generates peristaltic waves that move food along G.I. tract |
|
|
Term
| How is the muscularis externa of the pharynx and esophagus different from the rest of the tract? |
|
Definition
First 1/3 of pharynx and esophagus is all skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 is mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle
Bottom 1/3 is all smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| How is the muscularis externa of the stomach different from the rest of the g.i. tract? |
|
Definition
| Consists of 3 layers: longitudinal, circular and oblique |
|
|
Term
| How is the muscularis externa of the colon different from the rest of the g.i. tract? |
|
Definition
| It is much thinner and the longitudinal layer is divided into bands called teniae coli |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the serosa tha tcovers the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity? |
|
Definition
| Visceral peritoneum = mesenteries |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the serosa that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the mesenteries? |
|
Definition
Prevent entagnlement of intestines
Contain vessels and nerves and lymphatic tissue
Prevent attachment of intestines to abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal. |
|
Definition
| Intraperitoneal refers to organs within the peritoneum l |
|
|
Term
| Is the stomach Intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the liver intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the duodenum and pancreas intra or retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas and duodenum are partially retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| The oral cavity is involved in what type of digestion |
|
Definition
| Both mechanical and chemical |
|
|
Term
| Chemical digestion in the oral cavity involves what enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanical digestion in the oral cavity involves what 2 structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six components of saliva? |
|
Definition
| Amylase, Mucin, Lipase, Bicarbonate, Antibodies, and Lysozymes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of amylase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is thefunction of Mucin? |
|
Definition
| Moistens and binds food mass |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Lipase? |
|
Definition
| Activated in stomach to break down lipids |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Bicarbonate? |
|
Definition
| Makes mouth alkaline in pH |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Lysozymes? |
|
Definition
| Kills foreign bacteria and pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is secreted by the salivary glands and is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pharynx and the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| To conduct food to stomach |
|
|
Term
| What sphincter is associated with the lower esophagus? Why is this sphincter called a physiological sphincter? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| Lower esophageal sphincter is not a true anatomical sphincter but physiologically keeps food mass in the stomach and prevents regurgitation back into esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 functions of hte stomach? |
|
Definition
| Digestion; peristalsis and Secretion |
|
|
Term
| The stomach is associated with what types of digestion? |
|
Definition
| Both chemical and mechanical |
|
|
Term
| Chemical digestion of what organic molecules occurs in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.....Not nucleic acids. |
|
|
Term
| What allows stomach to churn and mix food? |
|
Definition
| Three layers of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the ridges in the stomach wall that alllow for distention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 sphincters are associated with the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Content of the stomach are referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the small intestines? |
|
Definition
| Duodenum. Jejunum. and Ileum |
|
|
Term
| The mucosa and submucosa of the small intestines are deeply folded to form the ......... circularis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mucosa is further folded into projections called...... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell membranes of the colunar epithelial cells are further folded to form...... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of all this folding of villi and microvilli? |
|
Definition
| Increases surface area from 3 square feet to 2200 square feet |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the small intestines? |
|
Definition
| Peristalsis, digestion, secretion, and absorption |
|
|
Term
| The small intestines are involved in what type of digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical digestion in the small intestines involves secretion from what 3 organs? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas; liver and stomach |
|
|
Term
| Where does most water and mineral ion absorption take place in the g.i. tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances transported into msall intestine villi capillaries are transported to the liver via the....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does carbohydrate digestion begin? Where is it completed? |
|
Definition
| Begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestines |
|
|
Term
| Where does lipid digestion begin? where is it completed? |
|
Definition
| Begins in the stomach and is completed in small intestins |
|
|
Term
| Where does protein digestion begin? where it si completed |
|
Definition
| begins in the stomach and is completed in the small intestines |
|
|
Term
| What happen to large lipid globules before digestion enzymes can go to work? |
|
Definition
| Bile breaks themd own by lowering surface tension |
|
|
Term
| Where does nucleic acid digestion begin? where is ti completed? |
|
Definition
| Begins and ends in small intestines |
|
|
Term
| Bile from the common bile duct and pnacreatic enzymes from the pancreatic duct enter the duodenum of the small intestines through the........???? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 2 openings into the duodenum. The superior one is for the .... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inferior opening into the duodenum for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What duct is associated with the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ducts deliver bile from liver cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Six sided hepatic lobules are arranged around a.....vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ............ is located at each corner of the hepatic lobule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A portal triad is composed of a hepatic artery, a ........... and a ........... |
|
Definition
| A portal triad is composed of a hepatic artery, a hepatic portal vein and a bile duct |
|
|
Term
| leaky capillaries called.......... allow the blood to percolate through the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bile composed of? What is the function of bile? |
|
Definition
| Bile salts, cholesterol and bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| What is bilirubin and where does it come from? |
|
Definition
| Breakdown product from hemoglobin and rbcs |
|
|
Term
| What symptom would be an indication that the liver is not functioning properly? |
|
Definition
| Jaundiced, always tired and lack energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the macrophages contained in the liver that remove microbes and worn out blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver metabolizes toxic ......... itno urea to be excreted by the kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain how the liver kidneys and skin are involved in the synthesis of calcitriol. What is the target organ of calitriol and what is the effect of this hormone? |
|
Definition
| Exposure of skin to UV rays of un forms Vit D3 which is acte upon by the liver and kidneys to form the active form of vit D target organ of calcitrol is the small intestines |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins and minerals are stored by the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ makes cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecules are responsible for the transport of cholesterol inthe blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cholesterol is good? indicates that lots of cholesterol is being transported to the liver and to be disposed of in bile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cholesterol is bad? this indicates that a lot of cholesterol is being transported to body cells. The chance is high that fatty substanes will be deposited on arterial walls leading to ..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your overall cholesterol level should be less than? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your HDL level should be greater than? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the liver cells glucosed is stored as.....? what hormone is involved in this process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the exocrine function of hte pancreas? |
|
Definition
| Secretes carbohydrases, lipases, proteases and nucleases inot the intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
| What is the endocrine function of hte pancraeas? |
|
Definition
| Secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce hormones in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| Islets of langerhans Alpha and beta cells |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce digestiive enzymes in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The pancreatic and accessory pancreatic ducts deliver hormone and digestive enzymes to the small intestines |
|
Definition
| False, only digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone increases blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 7 regions of the large intestines |
|
Definition
| Caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum and anus |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the large intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F Most of nutrient and water absorption occurs in the colon? |
|
Definition
| Fase, water is absorbed but not nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What produces the gas associated with the lower bowel? |
|
Definition
| Bactrial actions on fiber |
|
|
Term
| What is the appendix attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| Instrinsic salivary glands are in the lining of the mouth, lips and cheeks, whereas Extrinsic glands are those of the parotids, sublingual and submandibular |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 sphincters / valves associated with the g.i. tract? |
|
Definition
| Esophageal, pyloric, ileocaecal and anal sphincteers |
|
|
Term
| What is the toxic waste product formed from protein metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea is formed from what 2 things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is urea formed? which organ excretes it? |
|
Definition
| Urea is formed by the liver to be excreted by the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What is the waste product formed from nucleic metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transports urine from the bladder to outside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medulla of the kidney is divided into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each renal pyramid terminates into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal papilla project into a cup shaped tube called a ??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle layer of the smooth muscle in the bladder is called the what muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the detrusor muscle? |
|
Definition
| The middle layer of smooth muscle in the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What sphincter in the bladder is smooth muscle and involuntary control? |
|
Definition
| Internal urethra sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What sphincter in the bladder is skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control? |
|
Definition
| External urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| The kidneys, ureters and bladder are intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basic structural unit and functional unit of the kidney is the??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nephron has a relatively short loop of henle and is surrounded by a peritubular capillary bed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which nephron has a long loop of henle and is surrounded by a capillary network called vasa recta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the capillary bed of the Cortical nephron called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major structures within a nephron? |
|
Definition
| Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| Glomerulus and Glomerular or Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| What do the fenestrations in the glomerulus prevent filtration of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The glomerulus consists of a ball or knot of capillaries with pores and fenestrations that allow for filtration of blood without loss of protein or cells through the wall |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Bowman's capsules |
|
Definition
| Bowman's capsule looks like a claw hand with the extension of your arm being the proximal convuluted tubule. The capsule surrounds the glomerulus and the inner wall is of simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Name the parts of the renal tubules |
|
Definition
| Begins after glomerulus as blood passes through efferent duct into the proximal convuluted tubule into the descending limp of loop of henle hairpin turn of the loop and then the ascending limp of loop of henle into the distal convoluted tubule and then into the collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of long loops of Henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A common...*BLANK*... collections urine from several nephrons. Renal pyramids are laregly composed of what ducts?....*BLANK*.... these empty urine into what cup shaped tubullse....*BLANK* |
|
Definition
| A common...Collecting Duct... collections urine from several nephrons. Renal pyramids are laregly composed of what ducts?... Collecting duct.... these empty urine into what cup shaped tubullse....Renal calyx |
|
|
Term
| What do the efferent arteriole branches flow into? |
|
Definition
| Either the peritbular capillaries or the vasa recta depnding on the type of nephron |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 main processes of urine formation |
|
Definition
| Filtration Secretion and Reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What part of the nephron acts as the filter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein or blood cells in the urine indicate a problem with what part of the nephron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main processes of urine formation? |
|
Definition
| Filtration, Secretion and reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| In what part of the tubule does reabsorption take place? |
|
Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule due to microvilli which would increase the reabsorptive surface area. Peritublar capillaries then transport the reabsorbed molecules back into the circulation |
|
|
Term
| In what part of the tubule does most secretion take place? |
|
Definition
| Distal convoluted tubule due to the decreased amount of microvilli |
|
|
Term
| Would glucose concentration be higher in the proximal tubule or the distal tubule? |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| Would nitrogenous waste concentration be higher in the proximal tubule or the distal tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are five hormones that are amino acid or protein based? |
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Prolactin |
|
|
Term
| How do amino acid or protein based hormones have an effect on the target cells? |
|
Definition
| They act on receptor sites on the cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| Give 5 examples of hormones that are cholesterol or steroid based? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol and aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| How does this type of hormone have an effect on its target cell? |
|
Definition
| Acts on receptor sites in the cells chromatin material (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| Endocrine glands secrete their products (hormones) directly into the blood stream. Exocrine glands secrete their products into the lumen of a gland or organ |
|
|
Term
| Name three glands that are both endocrine and exocrine |
|
Definition
Testes secrete testosterone and sperm
Ovaries secrete Estrogen, Progesterone and Ovum
the Pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and Pancreatic lipase and amylase |
|
|
Term
| List 3 nontropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
Growth Hormone which effects skeletal muscle and long bones
Prolactin which effects Breast mammary glands
Also the posterior pituitary secretes Oxytocin which effects the pregnant uterus |
|
|
Term
| List 4 tropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland give target and the response hormone |
|
Definition
Thyroid stimulating hormone effects thyroid and has thyroid produce thyroxine and teraiodothyronine
Adrenocorticotropic hormone targets the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol which can elevate blood glucose levels during lots of stress
Follicle stimulating hormone targets the ovaries to further on secrete estrogen
and letuinizing hormone targets the testes and ovaries to in turn secrete testosterone or progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop for thyroid stimulating hormone? |
|
Definition
| Effects the thyroid gland and induces thyroid gland to secrete triiodothyronine and thyorxine T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
| What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do? |
|
Definition
| Effects adrenal cortex to release cortisol which elevates sympathetic responses |
|
|
Term
| What does follicle stimulating hormone do? |
|
Definition
| effects the ovaries and has the ovaries secrete estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What does letuinizing hormone do? |
|
Definition
| effects testes and ovaries to produce testosterone and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What gland produces melatonin? What is the function of melatonin? |
|
Definition
| Pineal gland regulates the darkening of the melanocytes in the skin |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop for Calcitonin? |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin is produced in the Thyroid gland and targets the bones and kidneys to stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts which has a hypercalcemic effect in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop for parathyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid hormone acts antagonistically to calcitonin and also effects the bones, kidneys and even intestines to stimulate osteoclast activity. |
|
|
Term
| Calcitriol. whats the loop? |
|
Definition
| Produced by the kidneys to tell the intestins to absorb more calcium |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop for estrogen pertaining to bone development? |
|
Definition
| estrogen is produced by the bones to target osteoblasts and increases osteoblast production |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop for insulin? |
|
Definition
| Insulin is produced by the pancreas to increase uptake of glucose by cells in the body and increases glycogen synthesis in the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop for glucagon? |
|
Definition
| glucagon is also secreted by the pancreas and stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose. |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop for Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin? |
|
Definition
antidiuretic hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and targets the collecting duct and the distal convulted tubule of the kidneys, it increases reabsorptoin of water by kidneys, decreases sweating and thus inreases blood pressure by vasoconstriction
Thus decreasing urine volume and increasing BP |
|
|
Term
| What is the loop for alosterone? |
|
Definition
| Alosterone is produced by the Adrenal cortex and effects the kidneys which in turn increases the reabsorption of Na+ and increases secretion of K+ and thus helps retain water. |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 adrenal cortex hormones and give a function for each? |
|
Definition
Glucocorticoids - anti-inflammatory
Alosterone - regulates vascular volume
Androgens - aids in sexual maturation |
|
|
Term
| What kind of stimulating does the adrenal cortex receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 hormones are stored by the posterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin and Anti-diuretic hormone |
|
|
Term
| What gland produces oxytocin and ADH? |
|
Definition
| Produced by hypothalamus specifically in the supra optic and paraventricular nuclie |
|
|
Term
| What gland and hormone is an important source of estrogen for postmenopausal women? |
|
Definition
| Adrenal gland and androgens |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of T3 or tri-iodothyronine? |
|
Definition
| Increases metabolic rate, stimulates breakdown of carbs, fats and proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of T4 or tetra-iodothyronine |
|
Definition
| Increases metabolic rate, stimulates breakdown of carbs, fats and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack of iodine leads to overproduction of thyroglobin |
|
|
Term
| What gland and hormone control secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
| Pituitary gland via Thyroid stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| Do goiters involve hyposecretion or hypersecretion of thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
| Hyposecretion of T3/T4 but over production of thyroglobin by follicle cells |
|
|
Term
| What part of the testes produce testosterone? |
|
Definition
| Interstitial cells of Leydig |
|
|
Term
| What part of the testes produce sperM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure partly surrounds the testes and is the site of sperm maturation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the ducts that carry sperm from the epididymis to the outside body |
|
Definition
| Epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - prostatic urethra - membranous urethra - penile urethra |
|
|
Term
| What duct transports urine from the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the prostate gland situationed? How is it palpated? |
|
Definition
| At the base of the bladder and surrounds the urethra. It is palpated by a rectal exam through the anus |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 glands that contribute seminal fluid |
|
Definition
| Prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral |
|
|
Term
| Which gland produces most of the seminal fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of fructose, prostaglandins and clotting factors in the seminal vesicles |
|
Definition
| Fructose is a source of energy, prostaglandins produce uterine contractions of smooth muscle, and clotting factors promote clotting (coagulationg) of the semen in the vagina so it will be able to get up through the cervix |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the secretions from the bulbourethral glands? |
|
Definition
| Serves as pre-ejaculate to flush the urine out of the urethra and neutralize its acidity |
|
|
Term
| name or describe the structure of the penis...what causes an erection? |
|
Definition
| Glans is the bulbous tip; Corpra cavernosa is a paired dorsal cylinders that become engorged with blood during an erection. Corpra Spongiosum is an erective tissue that is surrounding the urethra, |
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|
Term
| What is the function of testosterone? |
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Definition
| Hormone responsible for maturation of male secondary sex characteristics and production of sperm for reproduction |
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Term
| Ova develop in sac like strcutures called...? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fluid filled cavity of an ovarian follicle is called an ....? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ovarian follicle cells produce what 2 hormones? |
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Definition
| estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
| What developes from an ovulated graafian follicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the ruptured Graafian follcile to change into the corpus luteum? |
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Definition
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Term
| The corpus leteum will continue to produce what 2 hormones? |
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Definition
| Estrogen and progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation by the zygote. |
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Term
| If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus letuem develops into a *BLANK* and degenerates. It will then stop producing estrogen and progesterone and the endometrium fo the uterus will slough off which is called.... |
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Definition
| corpus albicans and menstruation |
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Term
| What is the site of fertilization? |
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Definition
| Distal end of fallopian tubes |
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Term
| What is the function of the uterus? |
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Definition
| Implantation of the fertilized ova and maintain the embryo and fetus until partuition |
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Term
| What is the narrow end of the uterus that contains an opening that allows for the flow passage of sperm and birth |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of the uterus? |
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Definition
| Endometrium, Myometrium and Epimetrium |
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Term
| What female gland is the analogue to the bulbourethral gland in males? What is the function? |
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Definition
| Vestibular or Bartholin glands, they aid in lubrication during intercourse |
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Term
| What female gland is the analogue to the male prostate gland? |
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Definition
| Paraurethral or Skene gland |
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Term
| What is the pathway of bile throughout the Gall Bladder |
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Definition
Bile enters through the left and right hepatic ducts which empty into the common hepatic ducts to thec cystic duct and the gall bladder for storage
Bile leaves through the cystic duct and joints the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla and empty into the duodenum - This release is controlled by the hepatopancreatic sphincters of Oddi
Bile salts act as detergents in breaking down lipids in the small intestines |
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Term
| What are contained in the walls of the large intestines? |
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Definition
| Tenia Coli - longitduinal muscles that pull to form haustra |
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Term
| What is the Plicae Circularis? |
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Definition
| Deep permanenet folds of mucosa and submucosa of duodenum and jejunum which force chyme to spiral through intestinal lumen; slows movement and increases absorptive surface area |
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Term
| What is the pampiniform plexus? |
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Definition
| Changes blood temperature going into the testes to gain the righ ttemperature |
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Term
| What is the function of the Cremaster muscle? |
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Definition
| retracts testicles closer to the body |
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Term
| What is the function of the Dartos muscle? |
|
Definition
| wrinkles and thickens skin of the scrotum |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by ovaries, stimulates the development of the female reproductive organs, follicle maturation, regulates menstrual cycle, stimulates growth of mammary glands |
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Term
| What does Progesterone do? |
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Definition
| produced by ovaries. REgulates menstrual cycle, stimulates growth of uterine lining, stimulates growth of mammary glands |
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Term
| What hormones are produced in the thymus? |
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Definition
| Thymosin and Thymopoetin and IGF-1 |
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Term
| What are the cells of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
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Definition
| Macula Densa, Juxtaglomerular cells and Mesangial Cells |
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Term
| What do the Macular Densa do? |
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Definition
| Located in DCT they monitor flow and urine composition |
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Term
| What do Juxtaglomerular cells do? |
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Definition
| located in afferent and e fferent arterioles when stimulated they constrict to reduce flow through the glomerulus. Also secrete renin into the blood |
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