Term
The Pharynx (Throat)
•A common passageway for |
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Definition
| solid food, liquids, and air |
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Term
| Food passes through the _______ & _____ to the esophagus |
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Definition
| oropharynx & laryngopharynx |
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Term
| Wall of esophagus has what 3 layers |
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Definition
1.Mucosal
2.Submucosal
3.Muscularis externa
remember it doesnt have a serosa but does have an adventicia |
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Term
| The Esophagus description including length & width |
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Definition
•A hollow muscular tube
•About 25 cm (10 in.) long and 2 cm (0.80 in.) wide |
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Term
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Definition
| Conveys solid food and liquids to the stomach |
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Term
| esophagus begins ___________ & enters the abdominopelvic cavity through the _________ |
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Definition
1. posterior to cricoid cartilage
2. the esophageal hiatus |
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Term
| the esophagus Is innervated by |
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Definition
| fibers from the esophageal plexus |
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Term
| Mucosa of the esophagus contains:(2) |
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Definition
1.Nonkeratinized & stratified squamous epithelium
2•Simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
| Mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus form: |
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Definition
| Large folds that extend the length of the esophagus |
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Term
| the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus concists of (1) |
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Definition
| Irregular layer of smooth muscle |
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Term
| muscularis mucosa fcn of the esophagus(2) |
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Definition
Contraction alters the shape of the lumen
and moves epithelial pleats & folds |
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Term
| Submucosa of the esophagus contains (1) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Which produce mucous secretion
=Reduces friction between bolus and esophageal lining |
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Term
| Muscularis externa of esophagus has (2): |
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Definition
inner circular
outer longitudinal muscular layers |
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Term
| Swallowing is Also called |
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Definition
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Term
| Swallowing Uses muscles known as |
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Definition
pharyngeal constrictors
(Can be initiated voluntarily
•Proceeds automatically) |
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Term
| swallowing Is divided into 3 phases |
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Definition
1. Buccal phase
2. Pharyngeal phase
3. Esophageal phase |
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Term
major fcns of the stomach:
produces what important glycoprotein (1)
and give fcn (1) |
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Definition
4.Produce intrinsic factor:
required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine |
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Term
•Short lesser curvature forms the _____ surface
•Long greater curvature forms the ____________ surface |
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Definition
medial surface
lateral surface |
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Term
Regions of the Stomach
_______________region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus |
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Definition
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Term
Regions of the Stomach
_______________ superior to the junction b/n the stomach and the esophagus |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ empties into the duodenum |
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Definition
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Term
| when the stomach is relaxed the mucous is thrown into folds called________ & give fcn |
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Definition
| rugae, allow stomach lumen to exapand |
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Term
| name the stomach tissue layers that Contain extra layers of smooth muscle cells (2) |
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Definition
| Muscularis mucosae & muscularis externa |
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Term
| name the 3 layers of muscle in muscularis externa of stomach |
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Definition
1.Oblique layer (inner)
2. circular layer
3.longitudinal layers (outer) |
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Term
| name the epithelium lines all portions of stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| give the fcn of the stomach Epithelium |
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Definition
Epithelium is a secretory sheet
=Produces mucus that covers interior surface of stomach |
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Term
| •______________________, shallow depressions that open onto the gastric glands |
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Definition
gastric pits
aka gastric pits house gastric glands |
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Term
| fcn of the cells contained in the gastric pits & include what type of cell they are |
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Definition
Mucous cells in each gastric pit
fcn: actively divide, replacing superficial cells |
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Term
Gastric Glands are located in what stomach regions (2) and extend into what tissue layer
2•Each gastric pit communicates with several _________ |
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Definition
1. fundus & body into lamina propia
2.gastric glands |
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Term
cells of the gastric gland (2)
together they secrete (1) |
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Definition
| parietal & chief gastric juice |
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Term
| parietal cells secrete (2) |
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Definition
| secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
pepsinogen def
how is activated |
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Definition
inactive proenzyme; most abundant near the base of the gastric gland
acid in stomach (becomes pepsin) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce ghrelin (stimulates hunger) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Regulation of Gastric Activity such as Production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa can be :
controlled by (1)
regulated by (2) |
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Definition
1•Controlled by the CNS
2•Regulated by : short reflexes of ENS
• hormones of digestive tract |
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Term
| 3 phases of gastric control |
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Definition
1. Cephalic phase
2. Gastric phase
3. Intestinal phase |
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Term
Pyloric Glands are located in the ______ of stomach
2. what kind of cells are located here (2)
name the most abundant |
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Definition
1.pylorus
2. mucous & enteroendocrine cells
most abundant pylorus cell: G cell |
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Term
| which enteroendocrine cells produce gastrin |
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Definition
| G-cells (most abundant cell in pylorus) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates gastric secretion & contractions |
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Term
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Definition
somatostatin
=inhibits release of gastrin |
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Term
Digestion and Absorption in the Stomach
proteins are digested by
carbs
lipids |
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Definition
1.pepsin in stomach
2.salivary amylase
3. lingual lipase |
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Term
| give 3 events that happen in stomach during digestion |
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Definition
1.Stomach contents Become more fluid 2•pH approaches 2.0
3•Pepsin activity increases
(Protein disassembly begins)
(Although digestion occurs in the stomach, nutrients are not absorbed there) |
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Term
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Definition
| 90% of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine |
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Term
| 3 parts of sm intestine in order |
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Definition
Duodenum (1 ft),
jejunum (6-8 ft),
ileum (8-12 ft) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces mucous when chyme arrives from the stomach |
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Term
| the duodenum of the sm intestine partly encircles what other digestive organ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
“Mixing bowl” that receives:
chyme from stomach & digestive secretions from pancreas and liver |
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Term
| other fcn of duodenum (besides absorption of nutrients) |
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Definition
1. prevent damage the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine by secreting hormones that:
1.neutralizing the acids
2.regulating stomach activity
aka it sends out differnet enzymes with respect to whatever is in the chyme. |
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Term
| how can ulcers develope ? |
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Definition
| sm intestine is exposed to gastric juice (duodenum doesnt neutralize it) |
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Term
| how does pancreas protect itself from stomach acid? |
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Definition
| Enzymes from the pancreas have a basic pH to counteract the stomach acids. |
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Term
| the middle segment of small intestine is |
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Definition
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Term
| which sm intestine segement can be removed to promote rapid weight loss, why? |
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Definition
jejunum,
Is the location of the most:
•Chemical digestion
•Nutrient absorption |
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Term
give the histology of the jejunum
(2) |
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Definition
Has few plicae circulares •
most developed Small intestinal villi |
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Term
| plicae circulares & intestinal villi def & fcn |
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Definition
1•Circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa (increases surface area)
2.simple coulmnar epithelium covered with microvilli
both increase surface area |
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Term
| The final segment of small intestine |
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Definition
ileum, the LONGEST
3.5 meters (11.48 ft) long |
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Term
what structure Differentiates the ileum from duodenum and jejunum in humans?
name &def |
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Definition
| Peyer patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A sphincter that controls flow of material from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine |
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Term
| each villus of sm intestine contains (4) |
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Definition
1.capallaries
2.brush border
3.mucous cells
4.lacteal |
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Term
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Definition
| Integral membrane proteins located on the surface of intesintal microvilli |
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Term
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Definition
| Break down materials that it comes in contact with |
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Term
| Brush border enzymes include (4) |
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Definition
1.aminopeptidases,
2.maltase,
3.sucrase,
4.lactase. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of enzyme is Enteropeptidase |
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Definition
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Term
| Enteropeptidase what Activates pancreatic proenzyme |
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Definition
| tryspinsogen (enteropeptidase activates trypsinogen to become trypsin) |
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Term
| •_______________ digests proteins and activates _________ (3) |
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Definition
1. trypsin
2.pro enzymes of:
carboxypeptidase
chymotrypsin
elastase |
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Term
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Definition
| Protease that hydrolyzes peptide bonds at the C-terminal of the protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Protease that hydrolyzes peptide bonds at the N-terminal of the protein |
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Term
Enteroendocrine cells fcn
include 3 ex |
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Definition
produce intestinal hormones such as :
1.gastrin
2.cholecystokinin
3.secretin |
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Term
Watery intestinal juice
how many liters of watery intestinal juice enters the intestinal lumen per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| Watery intestinal juice fcn (3) |
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Definition
1•Moisten chyme
2•Assist in buffering acids
3.Keep digestive enzymes and products of digestion in solution |
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Term
| what Stimulates peristalsis and secretion Along entire small intestine?(1) give name& aka |
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Definition
| Gastroenteric/Myenteric Reflex |
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Term
| what Triggers the relaxation of ileocecal valve |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Allows chyme to pass from small intestine into large intestine (colon) |
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Term
| how does the duodenum protect itself from the stomach's chyme (in general) |
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Definition
| releases various enteroendocrine enzymes such as CCK that will cause pancreas to relase bicarbonate. |
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Term
| how does the duodeum protect iteself from the stomach's acidic chyme? |
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Definition
| releases secretin which causes pancreas to release buffers . |
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Term
salivary amlyase breaks apart:
disaccaharides
monosaccaharides
or
polysaccahrides
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Definition
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