Term
| The digestive tract is... |
|
Definition
| a long tube, which leads from the mouth, through the neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis and finishes at anus. |
|
|
Term
| The contents of the digestive tract are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The contents of the digestive tract become part of the body through... |
|
Definition
| absorption through the lining of the tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes do what? |
|
Definition
| reduce the food into a liquid form (chyme). |
|
|
Term
| Digestive enzymes are added in the duodenum from... |
|
Definition
| duodenal glands, and the pancreatic and common bile duct. |
|
|
Term
| What do the jejunum and ileum possess that are designed to absorb broken down food into the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what part of the digestive system is most of the water, found in the lumen, absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the salivary glands of the mouth? |
|
Definition
| parotid, submaxillary and sublingual. |
|
|
Term
| The liver adds enzymes and toxins via the... |
|
Definition
| extra-hepatic biliary apparatus. |
|
|
Term
| Control of the digestive tract is via... |
|
Definition
| the endocrine and the ANS. |
|
|
Term
| The mucosa has how many layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mucosal epithelium... |
|
Definition
| varies from proximal to distal. |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium forms a protective layer for the esophagus, mouth, pharynx, and anal canal? |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| The stomach has secretory epithelium with... |
|
Definition
| long, tubular glands that secrete HCl and digestive enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| The small intestine has what type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases the surface area of the small intestinal epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The large intestine has what type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
| absorptive/protective epithelium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete mucous, enabling feces to pass smoothly. |
|
|
Term
| The lamina propria may contain: |
|
Definition
| lymphoid tissue (peyers patches). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce folding on the mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| The submucosa is composed of... |
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue, containing nerve plexuses. |
|
|
Term
| Sub mucosal glands found in the duodenum are called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The muscularis is usually composed of... |
|
Definition
| 2 layers of smooth muscle, and inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractile waves that move the contents down the lumen. |
|
|
Term
| Peristalsis is controlled by... |
|
Definition
| the ANS via nerve plexuses located between the muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outer layer of loose connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
| In the abdomino-pelvic cavity, the adventitia is lined with what type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
| visceral peritoneum (simple squamous). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular tube that hangs down from the base of the occipital bone in front of the cervical vertibrae. |
|
|
Term
| The pharynx communicates anteriorly with the... |
|
Definition
| nasal cavity, mouth and larynx. |
|
|
Term
| The pharynx is continuous inferiourly with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nasopharynx opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity via what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nasopharynx communicates with the middle ear via the... |
|
Definition
| tympanic (Eustachian) tube. |
|
|
Term
| The oropharynx extends from... |
|
Definition
| the soft palate down to the hyoid bone. |
|
|
Term
| The oropharynx is connected to the mouth via the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The laryngopharynx extends from... |
|
Definition
| the hyoid bone to the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the opening to the larynx located? |
|
Definition
| the wall of the proximal laryngopharynx. |
|
|
Term
| What protects the entrance of the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many sets of tonsils are there encircling the openings of the mouth and nose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What function do the tonsils provide? |
|
Definition
| primary defense mechanism against infection. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located? |
|
Definition
| posterior wall of the top of the pharynx. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infected pharyngeal tonsils. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the palatine tonsils located? |
|
Definition
| in a depression at the base of the fauces, one on each side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are oval and have an upper and lower pole; rest on an extremely thick, fibrous base. |
|
|
Term
| The lingual tonsils are... |
|
Definition
| small clusters of lymphoid tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the lingual tonsils located? |
|
Definition
| posterior part of the tongue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 division of the mouth (by the teeth)? |
|
Definition
| vestibule, oral cavity (mouth proper). |
|
|
Term
| Where is the vestibule located? |
|
Definition
| between the lips and gums (teeth). |
|
|
Term
| What is the vestibule lined with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vestibule contains... |
|
Definition
| the opening of the duct of the parotid gland (opposite 2nd molar). |
|
|
Term
| The oral cavity contains what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of the oral cavity: |
|
Definition
| roof (palate), floor (beneath the tongue), and 2 walls (cheeks). |
|
|
Term
| The hard palate is made of... |
|
Definition
| palatine processes of the maxilla and the 2 palatine bones. |
|
|
Term
| The soft palate features what? |
|
Definition
| the non-functional uvula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a muscular organ with a specialized mucosa containing the taste buds |
|
|
Term
| The body of the tongue is made up of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 groups od intrinsic muscle fibres? |
|
Definition
| vertical, horizontal and transverse. |
|
|
Term
| How many extrinsic mucles are there in the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized processes of the tongue called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the papillae most concentrated? |
|
Definition
| on the top and sides of the tongue. |
|
|
Term
| What tethers the tongue to the floor of the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2/3 back from the tip of the tongue is a V-shaped groove called the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the parotid gland located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parotid gland secretes a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The parotid gland empties into the mouth opposite the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the submandibular gland located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the submadibular gland secrete? |
|
Definition
| a serous and mucous fluid (mixed). |
|
|
Term
| Where are the sublingual glands located? |
|
Definition
| the floor of the mouth on each side. |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve innvervates the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve innervates the submandibular gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve innervates the sublingual glands> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average number teeth an adult has? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each half jaw contains... |
|
Definition
| 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 pre molars, and 3 molars. |
|
|
Term
| The upper jaw and teeth are innervated by which cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lower jaw and teeth are innervated by which cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
| the mandibular nerve (V). |
|
|
Term
| The esophagus enters the abdomen by... |
|
Definition
| penetrating the diaphragm at T10. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the fundus located? |
|
Definition
| under the left diaphragm, rising form the gastro-esophageal sphincter. |
|
|
Term
| What does the gastro-esophageal sphincter do? |
|
Definition
| controls the admission of food into the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| What is the fundus lined with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest part of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lesser and greater curvature. |
|
|
Term
| What position is the pylorus usually in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the pyloric sphincter open? |
|
Definition
| when the duodenum is ready. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area where the stomach tapers down towards the pylorus and pyloric sphincter. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pyloric sphincter? |
|
Definition
| a thick, muscular valve that controls the flow of liquified fluid into the duodenum. |
|
|
Term
| What hangs from the greater curvature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pyloric stenosis? |
|
Definition
| pyloric sphincter doesn't open and chyme can't pass- infant dies eventually. |
|
|
Term
| How long is the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what part of the digestive tract are digestive enzymes from the liver and pancreas mixed with food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape of the duodenum. |
|
Definition
| horseshoe-shaped (concave to the left), with the head of the pancreas in its concavity. |
|
|
Term
| What does the superior (horizontal) lim of the duodenum do? |
|
Definition
| links the stomach (via the pylorus) to the descending limb. |
|
|
Term
| The descending limb of the duodenum... |
|
Definition
| has the entrance and valve for the conjoined pancreatic and bile duct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous with the jejunum. |
|
|
Term
| How does cancer spread through the body? |
|
Definition
| via the venous and lymphatic drainage. |
|
|
Term
| What is the approximate combined length of the jejunum and ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the jejunum located? |
|
Definition
| upper left of the abdominal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the ileum located? |
|
Definition
| the lower right of the abdominal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ileum more likely to have migrating around it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a more complex system of arteries running to it. |
|
|
Term
| What does the ileum empty into? |
|
Definition
| the cecum, via the ileo-cecal valve. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the large bowel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vestigial addition on the cecum called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the ascending colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ascending colon ascends to the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The middle transverse colon transverses to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the descending colon located? |
|
Definition
| left side of the abdomen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very mobile, S-shaped and empties into the rectum. |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the longitudinal muscle strips that run the length of the large bowel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do you call the gatherings of the large bowel?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fat sacs on the large bowel called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rectum is continuous with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the rectum pierces the levator abi muscle, it becomes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the anal canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper half of the anal canal is thrown into longitudinal folds called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located at the distal end of the anal canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The internal sphincter is... |
|
Definition
| a thickening of the smooth muscle wall (involuntary). |
|
|
Term
| The external sphincter is... |
|
Definition
| striated muscle with a superficial, middle and deep component (voluntary). |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest solid organ in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver receives blood from... |
|
Definition
| common hepatic artery and the protal vein. |
|
|
Term
| What does the lvier produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extra-hepatic biliary apparatus. |
|
|
Term
| What are the function of bile salts? |
|
Definition
| emulsift fats and toxic wastes excreted in feces. |
|
|
Term
| How does the liver store energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many liver lobules is the liver composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What radiates from the central vein of the liver lobules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are hepatocytes separated from each other? |
|
Definition
| sinusoids (highly permeable, specialized blood vessels). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow blood to travel through the lobule towards the central vein. |
|
|
Term
| What veins contribute to the inferior vena cava? |
|
Definition
| left and right hepatic veins. |
|
|
Term
| What is bile excreted into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile ducts coalesce to form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The common hepatic duct leaves the liver via what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the lobules of the left and right liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver is innervated by what cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enters the porta hepatis? |
|
Definition
| vestigial round ligament. |
|
|
Term
| How is the vestigial round ligament connected to the anterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anteriorly, the liver looks... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ligamentum teres? |
|
Definition
| remnant of the umbilical vein. |
|
|
Term
| (superiorly) The dome of the right lobe is called the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The porta hepatis contains what? |
|
Definition
| hepatic artery, portal vein and biliary apparatus. |
|
|
Term
| The common hepatic duct + the cystic duct makes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main pancreatic duct enters the duodenum through the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gall bladder is what? |
|
Definition
| muscular and pear-shaped. |
|
|
Term
| What does the gall bladder do? |
|
Definition
| stores and concentrates bile. |
|
|
Term
| What id the condition called when bile is too concentrated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mixed gland (endorine and exocrine). |
|
|
Term
| Where is the pancreas located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the head and uncinate process of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of the pancreas is endocrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gall bladder is lined with what type of epithelium? |
|
Definition
| very tall absorptive epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| The celiec trunk serves what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach, first part of the duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and spleen. |
|
|
Term
| The left gastric artery supplies the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The common hepatic artery supplies the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The splenic artery supplies the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superior mesenteric artery supplies the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum and 2/3 or the large bowel. |
|
|
Term
| The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distal transverse colon, the descending and sigmoid colon and rectum. |
|
|
Term
| The inferior mesenteric artery originates... |
|
Definition
| ~4 cm above the aortic bifurcation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The IVC is fed by veins from where? |
|
Definition
| the abdominal wall and paired glands. |
|
|
Term
| The portal vein is made up of... |
|
Definition
| the splenic, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric veins. |
|
|
