Term
Digestive System
Function= |
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Definition
*breakdown and absorption of nutrients
*occurs in a series of steps |
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*Ingestion
*Mechanical Processing
*Digestion
*Secretion
*Absorption
*Excretion |
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| Entrance of nutrients into digestive tract |
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| Physical processing of materials entering digestive tract |
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| Chemical breakdown of food into smaller organic molecules |
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| Release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, salts |
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| Movement of organic molecules from digestive tract into interstitial fluid of digestive tract |
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| Elimination of waste products from digestive tract (defecation) |
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*Carbohydrates
*Lipids
*Proteins
*Nucleic Acids
*Vitamins
*Bulk Minerals
*Trace Minerals |
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*Polypeptides made of amino acids
*20 amino acids
*8 essential, 12 nonessential
*Structure... you ARE proteins
*antibodies
*enzymes
*4 calories/gram |
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*mono-, di-, poly- saccharides
*starch, sugars
*Primary source of energy
*Broken down into glucose for use in cellular respiration
*4 calories/gram
*glycogen
*cellulose |
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*Fatty acids, mono-, triglycerides, steroids
*Fats, oils, waxes
*Cell structure
*insulation
*Shock absorber
*Long term energy source
*Nutrient storage
*9 calories/gram |
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*DNA
*RNA
*Hereditary information
*genetic instructions |
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*For homeostasis
*Na, K, CL, Ca, P, Mg |
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*Coenzymes, Cofactors
*Water soluble= B(s), C
*Fat soluble= A,D,E,K |
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*Cofactors
*Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn |
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| *Teeth, tongue, salivary glands |
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| *Mucous, antibacterial, enzymes |
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| *Tube from pharynx -> Stomach |
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| *Chemical breakdown, absorption |
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*Bile
*Store nutrients....Much more |
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| Digestive Enzymes, Buffers |
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*Peritoneum
*Serous membrane
*Mesenteries |
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| Lining of peritoneal cavity |
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*Serosa (visceral peritoneum) covering organs
*Parietal peritoneum covering body wall |
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*Connective tissues that "hold everything in place"
*Lesser, greater omentum |
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Oral Cavity:
Analysis of materials |
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*Tongue-> detects sweets, sour, salty, bitter, temperature, texture
*Aroma, flavor from olfactory sensors |
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*Teeth-> cut, crush, grind materials into smaller pieces (mastication) increasing surface area
* Tongue -> manipulates food to mix with mucous and saliva |
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| Chemical Breakdown of food |
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*Tongue -> with lingual lipase to digest lipids
*Salivary Glands: Parotid, sublingual, submandibular |
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Chemical breakdown of food:
Salivary Glands -> Parotid = |
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| Saliva buffers keep __________ |
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| pH @ 7 (electrolytes Na+, Cl-, , HCO(sub 3-) |
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*Mucins (glycoproteins) lubricate
*Antibodies and enzymes (amylase) |
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| Processing of food occurs in oral cavity until ________ is formed. |
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Pharynx-> esophagus:
Pharynx |
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*Shared passage for air and food/liquid
*Muscles push bolus towards esophagus
*Epiglottis |
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| 'flap' tat prevents food/water from entering the larxnx/trachea |
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*Behind trachea
*Hollow muscular tube~ 25cm long
*Carries food to stomach
*Esophageal hiatus
*Cardiac sphincter separates esophagus from stomach |
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| opening through diaphragm |
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*Begins as voluntary (buccal phase)
*Proceeds as reflex via peristalis |
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*Large Muscular Organ
*stores ingested materials (in stomach~ 2-3 hrs)
*Mechanical Digestion
*Chemical Digestion |
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| muscular contractions for continuous manipulation of food |
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*secretion of HCL and enzymes to chemically breakdown food
*Production of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption
*Folds in Stomach = rugae
* Epithelium secrets alkaline mucous to protect from acid |
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Stomach:
Cells in gastric pits (in fundus and body)= |
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*Parietal Cells
*Chief Cells |
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*Low pH(~2) kills microorganisms
*Denatures proteins
*Inactivates enzymes
*Breaks down plant cell walls
*Activates pepsinogen -> pepsin |
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| Cells in pylorus produce ____________. |
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Definition
*Mucus
*G cells
*D cells
*Gastrin
*Somatostatin |
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*stimulates parietal/chief cells
*contractions of gastric wall |
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*Large brown organ (rich in blood and red when fresh)
*MANY FUNCTIONS |
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*Metabolic regulation
*Hematologic regulation
*Bile Production |
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*Carbohydrate, amino acid, and metabolism
*removal of toxic metabolic waste
*Vitamin and mineral storage
*Drug deactivation |
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Liver:
Hematologic regulation |
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*Breakdown of old RBC's
*engulf cellular debris
*Can stimulate immune response
*Synthesize plasma protiens (clotting proteins, transport proteins, complement)
*Remove circulating hormones
*Remove circulating antibodies
*Remove/store toxins |
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| *Synthesize biles salts for gall bladder |
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*Stores bile produced by liver
*Secretes bile into duodenum for lipid breakdown (emulsification) |
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Small Intestine:
Partially digested food leaving stomach = |
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| small intestine via pyloric sphincter |
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Small intestine:
Low pH from chyme causes ________ |
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| release of secretion to inhibit chief and parietal cells in stomach |
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*6 meters long
*90% used for nutrient absorption |
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Small Intestine:
3 Subdivisions |
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~25 cm long
*receives chyme
*receives pancreatic buffers and enzymes
*receives bile salts from gall bladder |
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~2.5 m
*Majority digestion/absorption |
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~3.5 m
*Masses lymphoid tissue protects from intestinal bacteria |
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| _______ (folds) with _____ (finger-like projections) absorb nutrients |
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| Nutrients to liver via __________ |
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*Delivers enzymes and buffers to duodenum via pancreatic duct
*Duodenum secrets cholecystokinin to stimulate production/secreton of pancreatic juice |
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*Bicarbonate and phosphate buffers to increase pH
*amylase and carbohydrase for carbohydrates
*Lipase for lipids and fatty acids
*Nucleases for NA
*Proteolytic enzymes, proteases, proenzymes for proteins |
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| Pancreas also dilivers _________ and _______ to bloodstream to regulate __________ levels. |
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*insulin
*glucagon
*blood glucose |
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*materials from small intestine enter through ileocecal valve
*Appendix off of (LRQ) |
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| gas produced by colonic bacteria |
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*Ascending, transverse, descending
*Reabsorption of water
*absorption of Vitamins K, Biotin, B5 generated by colonic bacteria |
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| Release of compacted feces in rectum into environment via anal sphincter |
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