Term
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Definition
| Is the innermost portion of the tube. Is glandular except for in the anus. Innermost layer is epithelial cells, then you have the lamina propria (consists of CT, blood vessels,lymphoid tissues, + glands), and then the outermost of this layer is the muscularis mucosae (consists of circular and longitudnal smooth muscle). |
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Term
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Definition
| Is second to the mucosa, and is made of vascular connective tissue. In this layer, there are receptors called meisseners plexes which regulate movement,secretion, and blood vessel size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is second to the mucosa, and is made of vascular connective tissue. In this layer, there are receptors called meisseners plexes which regulate movement,secretion, and blood vessel size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is third to the mucosa, is made of smooth muscle. . A circular arrangement of smooth muscle and a longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. Arrangement is important in contraction and movement of food through tract. Nerve endings (myentric plexes) give stimulus from these nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost portion of the tube, A covering of ET and stetchy areolar CT. When in the esophagus it is called adventitia, beyond thoracic cavity becomes serosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| wrap around and support digestive organs in abd cavity. is a double membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and suspends organs |
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Term
| Membranes- retroperitoneal membrane. |
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Definition
| Wraps around the kidney, pancreas,and rectum. They are not suspended or supported. |
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Term
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Definition
| is caused by infections of the cavity, cancers, and fluid back up from the liver or a low protein state in the body. Increased amount of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. |
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Term
| Important peritoneal membranes- The falciform ligament |
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Definition
| attaches the liver to the anterior abd. wall. |
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Term
| Important peritoneal membranes- Lesser Omentum |
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Definition
| attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach. |
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Term
| Important peritoneal membranes- Greater Omentum |
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Definition
| - called the apron of fat. Attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach. Protects abd contents. |
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Term
| Mebranes protecting the intestines- The mesentery |
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Definition
| attaches the small intestines to the posterior wall |
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Term
| Mebranes protecting the intestines- The mesocolon |
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Definition
| attaches the large intestinezs to the posterior wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Circumvallate (back), fungiform, filiform (front) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce saliva which moistens and cleanses the mouth and begins the chemical breakdown of food. Chewing is a mechanical breakdown of food which converts it into a bolus. Salivary glands produce amylase which starts the chemical digestion of carbs into disaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior to the ears, mumps occur here. |
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Term
| Salivary glands- Submandibular |
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Definition
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Term
| Salivary glands- Sublingual |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of saliva |
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Definition
| pH- 6.35-6.85. 1000-1500 ml/day. Water, buffers, mucus, lysozyme (kill bacteria), and amylase. Under the influence of the autonomic nervous system and higher brain systems. |
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Term
| Deglutination- (Swallowing) |
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Definition
1.) Voluntary phase- initiation
2.) Involuntary phase- Moves the bolus from the laryngopharynx to the esophagus, and from the esophagus to the stomach. |
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Term
| Deglutination- (Swallowing) |
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Definition
| Tongue presses food up to hard palate and Oropharynx. Larynx move up and uvula moves up and prevents food from going into nose. Food moves into laryngopharynx to the esophagus, not the trachea. The epiglottis acts like a trachea shield. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ten inch tube, secretes mucus, guarded by sphincter, gravity and peristalsis move the bolus along. The bolus takes from 4-8 seconds to move through the esophagus. * Peristalsis- both cirucular and longitudinal muscles contract and relax to move bolus downwards. |
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Term
| Disorders of the esophagus- GERD |
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Definition
| Gastroesophogeal refux disease- occurs when the lower esophogeal sphincter fails to close. |
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Term
| Disorders of the Esophagus- Hiatal hernia |
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Definition
| of the stomach protrudes through the esophogeal hiatus of the diaphragm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores food from 2 -4 hours. Turns the bolus into chyme. Activation of lingual lipase (comes from mouth and breaks down fats). HCl mixes with bolus to form chyme. Digestion of proteins and some fats. Limited absorption of water, drugs, and alcohol. Can be tall, short, or fat. Depends on person. Generally holds 2.5 pints. - Is inferior to the diaphragm. The stomach connects the esophagus to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. The most distensible part of the GI tract. It mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.) Cardia- Surrounds the superior opening of the stomach 2.) Fundus- The rounded portion superior to and to the left of the cardia. Storage of air or food. 3.) Body- Inferior to the fundus and is the central portion of the somtach. 4.) Pylorus- Connects to the duodenum. *Rugae- mucosa lies in large folds that can be seen with the unaided eye. *Lesser curvature- Concave medial border of the stomach *Greater curvature- Convex lateral border of the stomach |
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Term
| The muscular layers of the stomach |
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Definition
| muscle layer, circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer. The oblique muscle layer is an additional layer necessary for churning. |
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Term
| Functions of the digestive system |
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Definition
| 1.) Ingestion: food in mouth 2.) Secretion: release of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract. 3.) Mixing and propulsion: churning and pushing of food through the GI tract. 4.) Digestion: Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food. 5.) Absorption: passage of digested products from GI tract into the blood and lymph. 6.) Defecation: the elimination of feces from GI. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle fibers of the sphincter fail to relax normally, so food does not pass easily from the stomach to the small intestine. The stomach becomes overly full, and the infant vomits often to relieve the pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that must be corrected surgically. Projectile vomiting is the hallmark symptom |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by helobacter pylori,NS Aids like aspirin, excess production of pepsin. Looks like wound in ruggae. |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes gastrin. Secretes horomones. Important regulatory horomone. |
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Term
| Gastric pits- mucous neck cells |
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Definition
| produce protectant layer of mucous and facilitates diffusion |
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Term
| Gastric pits- parietal cells |
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Definition
| produces HCl and intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is important in Vitamin B cell for Red Blood cell formation. |
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Term
| Gastric pits- cheif cells |
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Definition
| produce enzymes of the stomach: pepsinogen (proteins) and gastric lipase (fats) |
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Term
| Acid secretion in the stomach |
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Definition
| HCl secretion by parietal cells (using proton pumps) can be stimulated by several sources: Acetylcholine (PNS), gastrin (G cells), and histamine (paracrine substance released by mast cells) Ach and gastrin stimulate parietal cells to secrete more HCl in the presence of histamine. The histamine receptors on the parietal cells are called H2 receptors. Prilosec inhibits the proton pumps. Tagament and Zantac block histamine receptors. |
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Term
| Mechanical digestion in the stomach |
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Definition
| Mixing waves macerate food, and mix secretion of the gastric glands and reduce it to a soupy liquid called chyme. The body and pylorus forces chyme into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter, this is known as gastric emptying. Within 2 to 4 hours the stomach has empited its contents into the duodenum. Foods rich in carbohydrate spend the leasdt time in the stomach, high protein foods remain somewhat longer, and emptying is slowest after a fat laden meal. |
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Term
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Definition
splits the short chain triglycerides in fat molecules into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Operates best at a pH at 5-6. The most important lipase is pancreatic lipase which is secreted in the small intestine.
Only a small amount of nutrients are absorbed in the stomach because its epithelial cells are impermeable to most materials. Mucous cells of the stomach absorb some water, ions, and short chain fatty acids as well as certain druges and alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| also called emesis is the forcible expulsion of the upper GI tract through the mouth. Nerve impulses are transmitted to the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata. Loss of acidic gastric juice can lead to alkalosis, dehydration and damage to the esophagus and teeth. |
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Term
| Chemical or enzymatic digestion |
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Definition
-HCl in activates salivary amylase because amylase can not function in high acidity.
-Pepsin breaks proteins down into peptides.
-HCl activates lingual lipase which breaks down fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
- Gastric lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides in babies. No significant role in adults. |
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Term
| What protects the stomach from digesting itself? |
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Definition
| Pepsinogen is an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin. When stomach produces HCl it activates pepsinogen to form pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins such as meat. Alkaline mucous coats stomach and protects from HCl. |
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Term
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Definition
| you have to be more than 100 lbs overweight. Put a band around the fundus. It can only hold a half cup of food. Or they shunt it directly to the small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| circular muscles contract and relax moving the bolus of food along |
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Term
| The small intestine (parts) |
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Definition
this 10 ft tube is the major organ of digestion and absorption. It consists of 3 parts.
1.) Duodenum- First 12 inches and attaches to the stomach.
2.) Jujunem- Middle which is 3-4 feet.
3.) Illium- Quite long. 6-7 feet, becomes continuous with the secum/large intestine |
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Term
The small intesntine lining-
1.)Circular folds/Plicae Cicularis |
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Definition
| Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa. Think of a scrunchie |
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Term
| The small intestine lining- 2.) Villi |
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Definition
| Feels like velvet. Fingerlike projections that stick up. Absorption takes place here. There are capilaries and lacteals are in the middle of them. Think of finger with lacteal and blood viessels in the middle of it. |
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Term
| The small intestine lining- 3.) Microvilli (brush border) |
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Definition
| small hairlike projections. These increase surface area. |
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Term
| Movement through small intestine- When chyme gets to the small intestine it’s going to move. There are 2 diff ways for it can move. |
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Definition
1.) Segmentation-It mixes gastric juices and chyme. Squeezes chyme into separate units, chops and seperates chyme into smaller and smaller bits. Not really moving any distance
2.) Peristalsis- Forward movement of the small intestine. Also called migrating movement complexes. |
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Term
| Digestion in the small intestines- |
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Definition
| the brush border enzymes digest carbs, proteins and nucleotides. |
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Term
| Enzymes released by small intestine by brush border enzymes- Enzymes for carb digestion |
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Definition
| alpha-dexrinase, maltase, sucrase, lactase. The end products are monosarccharides (what the enzymes produce). |
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Term
| Enzymes released by small intestine by brush border enzymes-Enzymes for protien digestion |
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Definition
| Aminopeptidase, dipeptidase. End products are amino acids and peptides. |
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Term
| Enzymes released by small intestine by brush border enzymes-Enzymes for Nucleic acids |
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Definition
| Nucleosidase, and phosphatase. End products are bases, pentoses, and phosphates. |
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Term
| Enzymes from the pancreas (General) |
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Definition
| **Enzymes from the pancreas are released and activated by the small intestine.The gall bladder does not release enzyme but rather releases alkaline bile to break down fats into the duodenum. Not released by the brush border cells. Pancreas can break down all foods. |
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Term
| Enzymes for carb digestion from pacreas |
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Definition
| pancreatic amylase. Endproduct: disaccharides. |
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Term
| Enzymes for fat digestion from pancreas |
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Definition
| pancreatic lipase. End products are fatty acids and monoglycerides |
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Term
| Enzymes for protein digestion from pancreas |
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Definition
| trypsin and chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase. End products are peptides. |
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Term
| Enzymes for nucleic acid digestion from pancreas |
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Definition
| ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease. End products are nucleotides. |
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Term
| Other secretions in intestinal juice- Product of goblet cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Other secretions in intestinal juice- products of endocrine cells (2 horomones) |
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Definition
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Term
| Other secretions in intestinal juice- Products of the paneth cells |
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Definition
| Lysozymes (manages bacteria) |
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Term
| Other secretions in intestinal juice- Products of liver and gallbladder |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is drawn out of chyme, and feces are formed/stored here. 5 ft long tube. |
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Term
| The large intestine- 10 parts |
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Definition
1.) Cecum- beginning of the large intestine
2.) Appendix- Little worm coming off cecum
3.) Ascending colon
4.) Hepatic flexure- underneath the liver
5.) Transverse colon- connects the two flexures, and inferior to the stomach
6.) Splenic flexure- underneath the spleen
7.) Descending colon
8.) Sigmoid colon
9.) Illeum
10.) Rectum |
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Term
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Definition
| - Last 8 inches. Still part of the large intestine. Used in storage for feces. Last inch is called the anal canal. Anal sphincter control the elimination of waste. |
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Term
| Special anatomical features of the large intestine- a lot of area to store feces. 1.)Teniae Coli |
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Definition
| of muscle, runs down length of the intestine. |
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Term
| Special anatomical features of the large intestine- a lot of area to store feces. 2.)Haustra |
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Definition
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Term
| Special anatomical features of the large intestine- a lot of area to store feces.3.) Epiploic appendages |
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Definition
| pouches of fat. Don’t know why they’re significant. |
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Term
| Role of bacteria in the lI- stored in cecum of the large intestine. |
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Definition
1.) Synthesize the vitamins the body needs such as B and K.
2.) They ferment carbs and sugars. Bacteria is responsible for gas due to the breakdown of carbs, fermented carbs- gas is end product. Bacterial action against partially digested food.
3.) Putrefy proteins and AA’s (jujufication) into phenols, indoles and skatoles. These 3 things attribute to the smell. Jujufication means something is rotting.
4.) Decompose bilirubin. Bilirubin comes from the red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
1.) Haustral churning- haustra squeeze and mix. Help to get water out of the feces. The little pouches squeezes
2.) Peristalsis- Moveing out of the anus. One way movement
3.) Mass peristalsis- right after eating. Urge to go the bathroom. Feces make a fast quick movement and stretch the walls in the rectum and increases the urge to defecate. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the elimination of undigested waste. When we relax defecation takes place. Is a reflex response where we learn control to control the internal (smooth muscle, cant control) and external sphincter which is skeletal muscle which we can control and constrict muscles. The higher brain centers determines when we will relax the shpincters. Babies have no control of this higher brain center. Signal comes from rectum from being stretched, signal goes to spinal cord, then to the autonomic nervous centers, parasympathetic stimulation, then the sphincters relax. If its not convenient to defecate higher brain centers will keep it tight. If we delay defecation too long, too much water is drawn out and the feces gets hard and move up into the sigmoid colon. |
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Term
| Pancreas- where it lies and what it does |
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Definition
| Lies in the duodenum. Head of the pancreas lies in the arms of the duodenum. Enzymes of the pancreas pass through the pancreatic duct and into the duodenum. Has a head, body , and tail. It is enzymatic and has endocrine/exocrine function. |
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Term
| Exocrine cells of the pancreas |
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Definition
| produce the digestive enzymes |
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Term
| Endocrine cells of the pancreas. Islets of Langerhan |
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Definition
| horomones for glucose regulation. Horomones.produce glucogon and insulin. Alpha cells produce glucagon. Beta cells produce Insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| grape like cells that make digestive enzymatic enzymes such as pancreatic amylase and lipase. Closely associated with the duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the heaviest gland of the body. Weighs approx. 3 lbs. Covered by visceral peritoneum and is covered by a dense irregular ct. The liver is divided into 2 lobes- right lobe and the left lobe. They are separated by the falciform ligament. The left lobe is divided into an inferior quadrate lobe and a posterior caudate lobe. In the free border of the falciform ligament is the ligamentum teres which is a remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetus. The right and left coronary ligaments suspend the liver from the diaphragm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The liver is made up of six sided functional units called liver lobules. Movement of bile and blood through the liver lobules. **Movement of bloodMoving towards the center of the lobule. Once in the sunusoids it will pass through the central vein, then it flows into hepatic vein to the IVC. |
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Term
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Definition
| actual liver cell that produces bile and deals with a lot of the processing that goes on in the liver. Line the sinusoids. Take nutrients from the blood. If you have excess glucose, the hepatocytes will take it and store it as glycogen. |
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Term
| Liver Lobule- Kupfer cell |
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Definition
| Associated with the lobule. When materials have to be phagocityzed in liver, this cell does it. These fit in sinusoids because blood contains components that need to be phagocytized.. If there is toxin they can remove them before they are circulated to the IVC to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| spaces withtin the lobule. Blood flows into these compartments. Blood is examined, processed and monitered as it passes through these. |
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Term
| Liver Lobule- hepatic artery |
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Definition
| blood vessel that supplies oxy blood to the liver. This blood flows into sinusoids. |
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Term
| Liver lobules- hepatic portal vein |
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Definition
| blood from digestive organs goes through the liver. Is laden with nutrients and waste materials and flows into the sinusoids. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 Blood vessels: called the portal triad, composed of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vain, and bile duct. When hepatocytes form bile it flows through pathways called bile canaliculi into the bile ducts. ***Bile moves in opposite direction of the blood, flows outwards not towards center. Is moving towards the gallblader. |
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Term
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Definition
| can’t live without the liver. What if some one didn’t have a liver to synthesize? Inability for blood to clot, lowered immunity, fatigue, edema/swelling. |
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Term
| Functions of the liver- Synthesis (produces) |
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Definition
| Bile salts for cholesterol, prothrombin (clotting mechanism), albumin (protein important in maintainig osmularity in blood), globulins (protective antibodies), and glycogen. |
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Term
| Functions of the liver- Storage |
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Definition
| glycogen, fats, amino acids, vitamins, minerals (iron, copper). |
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Term
| Functions of the liver- Metabolism |
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Definition
| sugars converted to glycogen, catabolism of fat, AA’s to ammonium to urea. (Build up of toxins if you don’t have liver) |
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Term
| Functions of the liver- Detox |
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Definition
| Poisins, alcohol, nicotine, barbituates, and removes horomones. If you overwork liver, it can fail. |
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Term
| Functions of the liver- RBC processing |
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Definition
| destroys RBC’s. Spleen can do the same thing if liver is failing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Green pear shaped sac that is located in a depression of the posterior surface of the liver. Hangs from the inferior margin of the liver. Consists of a broad fundus, body, and the neck which is the tapered portion. Stores and concentrates bile. 3-4 in sac, lined with rugae (allows organ to stretch), can store 40-50 mL. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hepatic duct-> common hepatic duct-> common hepatic conbines with cystic duct-> common bile duct-> common bile duct combines with the pancreatic duct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentrated bile and cholesterol can crystalize and precipitate out. Gallstones can travel and get stuck in the bile ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow green color. 7.6-8.6. Composed of cholesteral, bile salts, mucin, mineral salts,lecithin (fat metabolizer), and bilirubin (pigment from RBC’s), no digestive agents, and is an important emulsifying agent. Takes big globules of fat, lipase has hard time breaking it all down, so what bile does is increase SA of the fat to make it smaller. Once it is emulsified, lipase enzymes can more easily break down the fat. This is a physical process, there are no digestive enzymes in bile. |
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Term
Regulation of digestion- What controls secretion? What controls the movement? There are (hormonal component and a parasympathetic of your autonomic nervous system component) 3 main phases which control digestion:
1.)Cephalic phase |
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Definition
| Occurs before the food enters the stomach. Stomach starts growling. Thoughts of sight, smell, and thoughts of food trigger this phase. Anticipating food initiates the cephalic phase. G cells secrete gastrin when we are thinking about food. Gastrin work on parietal cells, which produce HCl. Getting prepared to eat/breakdown food. The vagus nerve (ANS) sends signal to the G cell as well to activate parietal cells. Gastric secretion and motility increase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when the food enters the stomach. Hormonal activation is activated by proteins, distention, alcohol, and caffeine initiate the gastric phase. The G cell secretes more gastrin, which triggers parietal cells, which release more HCl. HCl induces release of gastric juice, and mix with substances that are now in the stomach. Rises the pH of the stomach. Appetizers get this process started. G cells are endocrine type cells that secrete gastrin (increased production of HCl). Stomach stretch and rise in pH stimulate the internal nerve plexes (smooth muscle) which increase motility/contractility. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the food leaves the stomach. Things need to slow down at this point. Stimuli comes from fatty acids, amino acids, hypertonic fluid, irritants, and distention stimulate the G cells. They release horomone secretin and CCK which influence and decrease motility and gastric secretion. The target organ is the stomach, and this determines how fast the chyme moves into the small intestine. Once the stomach comes in contact with the CCK and secretin, there will be decreasing of motility and gastric juice because the stomach contents are now leaving the stomach. Promotes the feeling of satiety (satisfaction). Stiumlus: distention of the duodenum triggers enterogastric relflex response of the duodenum. The overall effect is to slow down the movement of chyme into the small intestine. This reflex triggers (ans) the medulla to further decrease motility of the stomach. Stretch= nervous reflex response. |
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Term
Control of Pancreatic Secretions and Bile release-
1.)CCK |
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Definition
| responds to amino acids and fatty acids. When it is produced, it causes the pancreas to produce more pancreatic juice. The pancreatic juice is rich in enzymes such as lipase, trypsin that will help complete the break down of fats and proteins. Helps emulsify fats and with the release of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum. Associated with food by products |
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Term
| Control of Pancreatic Secretions and Bile release- 2.) Secretin |
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Definition
| responds to HCl. When HCl begins to come into the duodenum, something needs to happen to bring it to an alkaline level. So it releases pancreatic juice, which is rich in bicarbonate and bile (alkaline). Overall effect of secretin is to raise pH of small intestine. |
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Term
| Absorption in the small intestine |
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Definition
- Glucose, galactose (monosacchardies)- enters the capilarries of the villi by active transport with sodium.
- Fructose (monosacchardies) - enter the capilaries of the villi by facilitated diffusion.
- Amino acids- enter the capilaries of the villi by active transport
- Short Chain fatty acids- enter capillaries of the villi by simple diffusion. |
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Term
| Absorption of fats in the small intestine |
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Definition
| (triglycerides)- much harder than the other components we just talked about. Triglycerides + Bile and lipase = Micelle (a small broken down fat hunk). Inside the micelle you will find long chain fatty acids, and monoglycerides. Once the micelles are formed, they travel from the lumen and into the intestinal cells. The Micelle then becomes coated with protein and now it is a chylomicron, and inside is a tryglceride molecule. The chylomicron is now absorbed into the lacteals (lymphatic system). Once in the lacteal, there is an easy route right into the subclavian vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when too much water is drawn out of the feces. Difficult infrequent defecation. Some causes of constipation are weak abdominal muscles, lack of fiber in diet, delayed defecation, lack of exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the opposite of constipation. A lot of non absorable substances. They are moving through faster and you get watery feces. Lactose difficiency, bacterial endotoxins, and inflammation of the intestine are all causes of diahrrea. Not drawing out as much water as we should. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes is a low-residue diet. Features sac like outpouching of the mucosal layer of the colon. It is called diverticulitis when food gets stuck in them and causes inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous and nodular regeneration of the liver. Causes are alcohol, inflammation of bile ducts and canniliculi, and drugs and toxins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distorted body image, abuse of laxatives and diuretics, very vigorous exercise, sel imposed starvation.Bizarre eating habits. |
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Term
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Definition
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