Term
| What connects the stomach and pharynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| What moves a bolus down the esophagus? |
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Definition
| A process called peristalsis |
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Term
| True or False: All species have 1-way peristalsis |
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Definition
| False, ruminatns have 2-way, to bring food back up for further mastication |
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Term
| What is the esophagus called in the chicken? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how the 'gullet' in chickens is different from other species |
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Definition
| Has an enlarged area called a crop; serves as food storage, (possibly) a site of action for amylase, also some microbial fermentation |
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Term
| True or false: rabbits and guinea pigs have simple stomachs |
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Definition
| False, they, like horses, are hind-gut fermentors |
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Term
| What is a nonruminant or monogastric stomach? |
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Definition
| Simple stomach: involves mucus, HCl, and enzyme secretions to start protein digestion |
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Term
| Functions of a monogastric stomach? |
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Definition
Storage and mechanical breakdown
Controls influx into Sm.Int.(amt/time)
Secretes digestive juices (HCl)
Produces chemical to aid in VitB12 absorption in Sm.Int. |
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Term
| What are the four regions of the monogastric stomach? |
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Definition
Cardia: Entrance to the stomach at the junction of the esophagus and stomach
Fundus: blind sac (near cardia)
Body: mixing tank; most acid and enzyme secretion
Pyloric: Regulates outflow of chyme into Sm.Int. |
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Term
| What are the 4 mucosae in the monogastric stomach? Functions? |
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Definition
Esophageal (by cardia): secrete mucus to protect esophagus from acid reflux
Cardiac gland region: secretes mucus
Fundic gland region: secretes HCl and pepsinogen
Pyloric gland region: secretes mucus |
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Term
| True or False: The esophageal region in the ruminant is non-secretory (doesn't secrete mucus) |
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Definition
| True (that of the nonruminant does h/e) |
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Term
| True or False: The ruminant has four simple stomachs |
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Definition
| False, it has one, four-chambered simple stomach |
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Term
| In ruminants, the non-glandular/non-secretory region of the simple stomach is expanded into _ diverticula |
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Definition
3 diverticula, which make up the forestomach or proventriculus
- Reticulum, Rumen, and omasum |
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Term
| This portion of the ruminants stomach functions exactly like that of a monogastric: |
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Definition
| the abomasum (it is secretory) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the esophageal groove, and how is it formed? |
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Definition
Prevents fermentation milk in baby-ruminants by by-passing microbes in rumen
-Mucosae can form where the cardia of the esophagus enter the rumen and reticulum
- produces two heavy folds that can form groove, connecting cardia of esophagusto omasum |
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Term
Which of the 4 chambers of a ruminant's stomach:
a) traps debris/wire/metal bits
b) organizes feedstuffs based on size
c) regulates outflow of digesta into rumen and omasum
d) is the true stomach
e) mechanically and chemically digests feedstuffs |
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Definition
a) reticulum
b) omasum
c) reticulum
d) abomasum
e) rumen |
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Term
| What structure is often reffered to as the large microbial fermentation vat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three things that aid in fermentation of ingested feed in a reticulorumen? |
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Definition
| Fungi, bacteria, protozoa |
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Term
| Where (use adj of pos) are the papillae located in the reticulorumen? |
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Definition
| In the ventral rumen to absorb products of microbial digestion |
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Term
| On average, how long are ruminants ruminating per day? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| To attain critical particle size required for feed to leave reticulorumen |
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Term
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Definition
| Food is regurgitated, masticated again, saliva is added, and reswallowed |
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Term
| What % of the GIT is the ruminant stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| % of stomach in GIT for horses and pigs? |
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Definition
| 7.8% and 28.5% respectively |
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Term
| In a bird's digestive tract, what is responsible for the chemical digestion? |
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Definition
| Proventriculus (just like with human stomach) |
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Term
| In a bird's digestive tract, what is responsible for the mechanical digestion? |
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Definition
| Gizzard (aka Ventriculus) (just like human teeth) |
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Term
Briefly explain the distribution of the GIT in
a) horses
b) pigs
c) cows |
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Definition
a) for horses, most is in the colon and cecum
b) for pigs, it is evenly distributed
c) for cows, it is mostly in reticulorumen |
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Term
| Where does most digestion take place in the GIT? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does most absorption take place in the GIT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three sections of the Sm.Int.? |
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Definition
1) duodenum
2) jejenum
3) ileum |
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Term
| Which section of the Sm.Int. starts at the pylorus of the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Into which section of the Sm.Int. do the pancreatic + hepatic bile ducts open to aid in the digestive process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the longest section of the Sm.Int? |
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Definition
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Term
| What section of the Sm.Int.is th site for the most digestion and absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| This portion of the Sm.Int. has extensive mucus production |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the last component of the GIT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four sections of the Lg.Int. and what are their functions? |
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Definition
Cecum; blind sac with microbial fermentation
Colon; with microbial fermentation
Rectum; for fecal storage
Anal canal; anus as exterior opening |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Lg.Int.? |
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Definition
Microbial fermentation and vitamin synthesis (esp. in colon and cecum)
Electrolyte and water absorption
Fecal formation
Expulsion of feces |
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Term
| Define caprophagy and why it's practiced by animals |
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Definition
| Eating of oneself's feces; done to absorb nutrients that may not have been collected the first time |
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Term
| How many major pairs of salivary glands are used for saliva production? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of saliva? |
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Definition
water
ions (Na, K, Cl, bicarbonates, phosphates)
enzymes (amylase, lysozyme)
mucin |
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Term
| What are the digestive functions of saliva? |
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Definition
- dissolving of food (for taste and to start digestion)
- starch digestion (in some species)
- mucus helps to form bolus for swallowing |
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Term
| What are the buffering/protective functions of saliva? |
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Definition
- buffers acidic foods (in all species)
- buffers VFAs (in ruminants)
- mucus protects oral cavity and esophagus
- Lysozyme attackes bacteria in mouth
- Cyanide acts as a bactericdal compound |
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Term
| True or False: Urea is secreted from salivary glands in monogastrics as a source of nonprotein Nitrogen |
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Definition
| False dat shiz, its only secreted by salivary glands in ruminatns as source of N |
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Term
| True or False: Urea is a source of Phosphorous for sheep? |
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Definition
| True, and for all ruminants |
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Term
| What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? |
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Definition
| Produces hormones, insulin and glucagon, for regulation of blood glucose |
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Term
| What is the exocrine function of the pancreas? |
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Definition
Produce:
1) major digestive enzymes for Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
2) sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids, stop action of pepsin, and increase pH in Sm.Int. |
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Term
| The ____ is the largest gland in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first organ to process blood coming from the GIT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the metabolic functions of the Liver? |
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Definition
- CHO, protein, and lipid metabolism
- Removal of wastes + detoxification
- Activation of Vit D
- Synthesis of bile salts
- Storage of vitamins, minerals, and glycogen
- Phagocytosis of old red blood cells and microbes |
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Term
| True or False: All farm animals have a gall bladder |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Gall bladder? |
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Definition
| To store bile which is needed for fat digestion |
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Term
| This organ emulsifies lipids to enhance action of pancreatic lipase |
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Definition
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Term
Bile enters the ______ _______ via common bile duct near where the pancreatic duct enters
(Hint: 1st word is 'proximal') |
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Definition
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