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- made up of long, muscular tube & glandular structures
- mouth => pharynx => esophagus => stomach => sm. intestine => large intestine => anus
- glandular structures: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas (all dump secretions into digestive tube to do job)
- digestion of nutrients & excretion of solid waste |
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| - also called the buccal cavity; cheeks lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium |
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- deciduous => baby teeth, fall out
- permanent => adult teeth |
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| cavities, form due to bacteria fermenting carbohydrates which leads to acid waste on the teeth |
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- highly movable, skeletal muscle, frenulum => fold of mucous membrane that attaches tongue to the floor of the mouth
- sensory receptors on surface for taste
- keeps food between teeth, mix food w/ saliva, need for swallowing & speech |
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- separates the nose from mouth
- palatine process of maxillary bones (fused)
- cleft palate occurs when bones do not fuse => affects feeding & language development |
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- free projection of soft palate, functions in swallowing => closes off passageway to nasopharynx
- 2 muscular folds run down lateral sides of soft palate => palatine tonsils located between the folds |
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- innermost, mucous membrane layer (epithelium varies based on location)
- in the epithelium, there are numerous tight junctions (stomach/intestines) as well as enteroendocrine cells & glandular cells
- lamina propria => areolar connective tissue, supports epithelium, contains blood & lymph vessels that serve epithelium
- MALT located in tunica mucosa
- contains a thin layer of smooth muscle folds (stomach, intestine) |
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| cell in digestive tube that produces a particular hormone |
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| produce secretions for digestion, "digestive juices" |
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| - underneath mucous membrane layer, consists of areolar connective tissue and a nerve plexus (submucosal plexus/Meissner's plexus) which makes up part of the enteric nervous system |
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- millions of neurons along digestive tube which contain both sensory & motor fibers (SNS & PNS fibers)
- submucosal plexus serves mucosa & submucosa, functions to stimulate glandular cells and smooth muscle cells of the mucosa |
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| polysaccharide of glucose made by animals |
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| polysaccharide of glucose made by plants |
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| loosely binds to oxygen, similar to hemoglobin but works in muscle cells instead |
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- outermost, composed of smooth muscle, outer layer consists of longitudinal layer of fibers, inner layer consists of circular fibers
- contains the myenteric plexus (Auebach's plexus) which controls the motility of the digestive tube |
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- serous membrane of digestive tube, also known as the peritoneum
- largest of the serous membranes, 2 layers w/ serous fluid between |
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| only anterior surface is covered by peritoneum (ex: kidney) |
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- there are a large number of folds in the peritoneum
- functions:
1) passageway for blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves for each organ
2) anchor organs to each other and cavity wall |
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| fold at the small intestine, anchors small intestine to posterior cavity wall |
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| fold at the large intestine, anchors large intestine to posterior cavity wall |
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| fold at the liver, attaches the liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm |
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| fold at the stomach and duodenum, anchors those two structures to the liver |
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| largest of folds, attaches intestines to cavity walls and contains a significant amount of adipose tissue => "fatty apron" |
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inflammation of peritoneum by a microbe
* since the peritoneum is involved with every structure of the abdominal cavity, if it is inflammed, it will eventually evolve into a systemic infection |
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- extends from pharynx to stomach, passes through diaphragm via esophageal hiatus
- posterior to trachea
- wall has 3 layers with modifications |
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| modifications of 3 wall layers in the esophagus |
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Definition
- covered by fibrous connective tissue instead of serosa
- in mucous membrane layer => stratified squamous epithelium
- at the superior end of the tube there is skeletal muscle, at the inferior end of the tube there is smooth muscle
- at the inferior end of the tube, circular smooth muscle forms a sphincter (lower esophageal/cardiac sphincter)
* regulates passageway of material into stomach & prevents contents of stomach from flowing back into esophagus (acid reflux) |
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- bag that stores meal until small intestine can deal with it
- extends between esophagus and duodenum
- located immediately under the diaphragm |
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- fundus (upper region) - "balloons" to the left
- body (central) - largest
- pyloric antrum - terminal region, opens into the duodenum (this area is fairly constricted) |
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| passageway from the esophagus to the stomach |
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| passageway from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum) |
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| wall of the stomach (3 layers with modifications) |
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Definition
- mucosa layer is coated with an alkaline mucous which buffers HCl
- rugae => large folds of tunica mucosa, can see only when stomach is empty, and permit expansion of tunica mucosa |
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| modifications in the mucosal layer of the stomach |
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Definition
- simple columnar epithelium with invaginations
* gastric pits lined with simple columnar epithelium => some are glandular (gastric glands)
- enteroendocrine cells |
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| components of gastric glands |
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Definition
- zymogen cell (chief cell) => secrete pepsinogen & gastric lipase
- parietal cell => secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
- mucous cell => secrete mucous |
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inactive enzyme activated by HCl
* pepsin (active form)
* it is a proteolytic enzyme |
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| needed for the intestines to absorb vitamin B12 efficiently |
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| most notable hormones of enteroendocrine cells |
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Definition
- G cell => secretes gastrin, located in the pyloric antrum / gastrin stimulates secretion of gastric juices and stimulates gastric motility
- D cell => secretes somatostatin / somatostatin inhibits secretion of gastrin
- unnamed cells in the fundic region => secrete gherlin / gherlin stimulates sensation of hunger; levels peak before a meal and decrease during & after a meal |
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| modifications of the muscularis layer in the stomach |
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Definition
| there is a 3rd muscle layer which has an oblique arrangement |
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- principal site of chemical digestion and absorption, "work horse" of digestive tube
- extends from pyloric antrum of the stomach to the cecum of the large intestine
- has 3 regions: duodenum, jejunum, & ileum |
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- 1st region of the small intestine, shortest, widest, most fixed, retroperitoneal / receives secretions from liver, gallbladder, & pancreas / served by the celiac artery
* Brunner's glands => secrete mucous rich in HCO3- which buffers HCl coming from the stomach and protects enzymes from denaturation since they are proteins |
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- both served by the superior mesenteric artery
- ileum => largest region & terminal, attaches to cecum at the ileocecal valve |
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| modifications in the mucosal layer in the small intestine |
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Definition
- plicae circulares
- villi
- microvilli
- specialized cells
- paneth cells
- lymphoid nodules |
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| permanent transverse folds in the tunica mucosa that increase surface area & cause food in the small intestine to churn/mix |
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fingerlike projections into the lumen of the small intestine that increase surface area
* simple columnar epithelium
* in the core of the villus exists a lacteal |
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| blind end lymph capillary associated with a vascular capillary, lacteal absorbs fat whereas a vascular capillary absorbs all other nutrients |
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| fingerlike projections on the apical surface of epithelial cells that increase the surface area of epithelial cells |
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| specialized cells of the small intestine |
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- Brunner's glands
- absorptive cells => epithelial cells with microvilli, important with nutrient absorption
- intestinal glandular cells => also known as the crypts of Lieberkuhn, collectively produce intestinal juices with enzymes necessary for digestion
- enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum |
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| enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine |
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Definition
- secrete secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin) which regulate stomach, pancreas, liver, & gallbladder functions
- GIP inhibits gastric function (juices and motility) and stimulates the release of insulin |
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| lysozymes, capable of phagocytosis |
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| Peyer's patches in the ileum |
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- most materials have already been digested, compact solid waste/elimination
- extends from the ileum to the anus
- attached to cavity wall by mesocolon
- 2 regions: cecum & colon |
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Definition
blind end pouch, located on the right lower side of abdominal cavity, attached to ileum @ the ileocecal valve (regulates movement of material from ileum to cecum)
* vermiform appendix - appendix (cecum) => contains lymphoid nodules |
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| divided into regions: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum |
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| moves upward from cecum, right posterior wall of cavity |
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| right to left side of cavity at the liver |
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| begins at the spleen, down left side of cavity and stops at the iliac crest/pelvic girdle |
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terminal portion of the large intestine, at the end of the rectum there is an anal canal that leads to the terminal opening of the digestive tube (anus)
* longitudinal folds in tunica mucosa => "anal/rectal columns" which contain arteries & veins
* 2 sphincters => internal (circularly arranged smooth muscle) & external (bands of skeletal muscle)
* superficial epithelium => keratinized |
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Definition
| - all modifications from the small intestine are gone, modifications in the mucosa & muscularis |
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| modifications in the mucosa layer of the large intestine |
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Definition
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| modifications in the muscularis of the large intestine |
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Definition
- longitudinal with 3 bands => taeniae coli
- haustra => pouchlike structures in the wall
- epiploic/omental appendages => bags of peritoneum fileld with fat |
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3 pairs: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
* ALL exocrine (drained by ducts at the oral cavity)
* 99.5% water, .05% solute |
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| subcutaneous region of cheek, anterior and inferior to the ears |
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| beneath the base of the tongue |
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- electrolytes (Na, Cl, HCO3, HPO4)
- IgA
- waste material (urea, uric acid)
- enzymes (lysozymes / salivary amylase & lingual lipase)
* salivary amylase breaks starch down into maltose |
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- controlled by ANS (SLUD) / PNS speeds up salivary production
- impulses carried through facial & glossopharyngeal nerves
- sensory stimulation (sight, smell, taste, thought) produces more saliva
- chewing on something increases salivation |
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- large & lobulated, retroperitoneal, posterior to greater curvature of stomach, 3 regions: head, body, tail
- drained by a duct system w/ 2 large ducts: pancreatic & accessory
- has both exocrine & endocrine function |
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| pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) |
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Definition
- larger, when it leaves pancreas => merges with common bile duct (liver)
- CBD empties into duodenum of small intestine after merging |
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Definition
| empties directly into the duodenum |
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| exocrine functions of the pancreas |
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Definition
| units called acini (clusters of glandular epithelial cells => 99% of the pancreas) secrete pancreatic juices that are alkaline (H2O, electrolytes including HCO3, large variety of digestive enzymes), juices drained by ducts, enzymes of juices do job @ duodenum, juice production controlled by secretin & CCK (both stimulate) |
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| endocrine functions of the pancreas |
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Definition
- pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), 3 main types of cells
* alpha
* beta
* delta
- somatostatin
- glucagon
- insulin |
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Definition
| make and secrete the hormone glucagon |
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| make and secrete the hormone insulin |
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| make and secrete the hormone somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) |
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| suppresses release of insulin & glucagon, slows rate of food absorption along digestive tube & enzyme secretion |
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increases blood glucose levels, target organ is the liver
* secreted on a negative feedback loop involving blood glucose levels |
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decreases blood glucose levels, works at the liver through a negative feedback system
* glucagon & insulin are antagonistic hormones |
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- largest glandular structure, under diaphragm, 2 layers: layer of CT covered by peritoneum
- falciform ligament divides the liver into a left and right lobe / right lobe subdivided into the caudate and quadrate lobes
* ALL UNITS SUBDIVIDED INTO HEPATIC LOBULES |
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| functional unit of the liver |
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| epithelial cells arranged to form platelike structures, @ center plate exists a central vein |
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| exist here instead of regular capillaries, lined with fixed macrophages |
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| Kupffer cells / stellate reticuloendothelial cells |
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Definition
| as blood flows through, fixed macrophages remove old formed elements, microbes, and debris |
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| hepatocytes make and secrete bile => collected by a duct system |
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| tiny tubes located between hepatocytes, eventually merge to form right and left hepatic ducts => merge to form the common hepatic duct which then leaves the liver |
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| gallbladder is drained by this duct which merges with the common hepatic duct => WHEN MERGED, they become the common bile duct which opens into the duodenum of the small intestine |
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