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Ingestion>Propulsion>Mechanical Digestion>Chemical Digestion>Absorption>Excretion
(I Prefer Macaroni Cheese And Eggs!) |
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| when you put food in oral cavity |
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| chewing and stomach churning (create bolus) / oral cavity |
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| through the walls>blood vessels in GI tract> pick up nutrients |
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| Digestive lining protects against |
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| corrosive effects of enzymes/acids, abrations, and pathogens |
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| can be caused by improper chewing |
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| Alimentary Canal: components necessary for digestion/absorption |
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| mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-small and large intestine-rectum |
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| Accessory Organs of Digestive System |
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teeth-tongue-salivary glands-gall bladder- liver- pancreas
GLP! |
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| Greater Omentum similar to |
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| drapes that cover abdominal cavity; when you open abdomen cavity, you see abdomen viscera |
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| fused double sheets of peritoneal membrane; necessary to surround and support organs; connects structures |
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| provide route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves |
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| organs and prevent entanglement |
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| Greater Omentum confused with |
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| enlarged gut/stomach and is mostly adipose tissue |
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| higher risk of heart disease |
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space in abdominal cavity located behind peritoneal cavity/peritoneum
retro means behind
includes pancreas, large intestine |
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| space in abdominal cavity that contains abdominal organs like the Stomach |
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| ascending and descending colon |
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| Mesenteries:peritoneum through which following organs are attached |
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| lesser/greater omentum, mesocolon, |
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| Histological Organization from deepest to most superficial |
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| mucosa (aka lumen), submucosa, muscularis externa (layers of smooth muscle), serosa (aka adventitia) |
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| Mucus secretion lubricates |
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| Functions of Submucosa and Mucosa |
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| absorption and protection |
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made up of loose CT; surrounds muscularis mucosae
contains: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nodules, nerve fibers |
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responsible for perilstasis/ segmentation
contains circular (inner) layer and longitudinal (outer) layer; and sphincters |
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| area in GI tract that has thickening of circular muscles |
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| Myentric Plexus of Auerbach |
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| protective outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs (visceral peritoneum) |
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| pharyngeal, esophageal, and rectal serosa |
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intermittent, rhythmic contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles
controlled by pacesetter cells |
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| churn and fragmented digested occurs only with circular contractions |
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| bounded by lips, cheeks, palate and tongue |
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space between cheek and gums or lips and teeth
can be used for storing blades/contraband hiding place |
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| can cause gap; attaches upper lip to two front teeth; anchors lips to gums |
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| composed of palatine and maxilla |
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| "punching bag" in the bag of the mouth; triggers gag reflex |
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| canker sores that can impede eating |
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| ends and uvula; part of gag reflex |
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| palatopharyngeal, palatoglossal arches |
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| component of oral cavity located in the back of the mouth |
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| papillae that makes up tongue |
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| filiform (most abundant; sheds), fungiform, circumvallate |
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| Transverse palatine folds |
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tongue-tied
solution: frenectomy |
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| dry mouth with aerobic bacteria; morning breath |
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| stench from puke; systemic |
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| small fold of tissue that secures/ restricts motion of mobile organ in the body |
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| Primary (decidious) teeth |
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| Incisors, canines, premolar, molars |
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(2I, IC, 2PM, 3M) / (2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M) x 2 = 32
(8 above, 8 below=16 x 2) |
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| enamel (hardest substance in body; erodes if cavity present), dentin (sensitive), pulp cavity, root canal, periodontal ligament, cementum, gingival sulcus |
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| i.e. supranumemary teeth (extra teeth) |
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| Extrinsic component of saliva |
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| parotid, submandibular, siblingual |
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| Intrinsic component of saliva |
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| saliva + secretion of goblet cells |
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| initiates bolus movements into pharynx during swallowing |
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| Process/Phases of Swallowing |
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| buccal (voluntary) pharyngeal, esophageal |
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| raise soft palate and portions of pharyngeal wall to prevent food from going up nasal cavity/nasopharynx closes up |
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hollow, muscular tube... 2 cm diameter
C6-T7 |
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| Innervation of Esophagus (nerves) |
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| vagus and esophageal plexus |
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| esophageal, thyrocervical trunk, external carotids, bronchials, celiac trunk and inferior phrenic artery |
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| epithelium & glands found in esophagus |
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| mucosal stratified squamous epithelium and esophageal glands |
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| Fibers found in Esophagus |
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Superior 1/3- skeletal muscle fibers
Middle 1/3- skeletal/ smooth mixture
Bottom 1/2- smooth muscle fibers |
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| Type of reflex in esophagus |
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| is NOT found in esophagus |
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| Constrictions in Esophagus |
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| pharynx, broncho-aortic arc, disaphragm |
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| comes in contact with vertebrates T7-L3 |
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| cardia, stomach continues |
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| point of entry into stomach |
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expansive portion of stomach
contains 2 curvatures: lesser/ greater |
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aka sphincter
true sphincter- area of thickened circular muscle |
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gastric folds only appear when stomach is empty
aka mondongo or beef tripe |
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left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic
left gastric- lesser curve & cardia
splenic- fundus & greater curve
common hepatic- lesser/greater curves of pyloris |
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| thoracic splanchnic nerves from celiac plexus, and parasympathetic supplied from vagus nerve |
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| smooth muscles: circular, longitudinal, oblique layers |
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parietal- HCL; instrinsic factor (facilitates absorption of b-12)
chief-pepsinogen, rennin/gastric lipase (newborns) enteroendocrine- gastrin (butterflies) |
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| Body's major digestive organ |
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| accounts for 90% of nutrient absorption |
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| aka circular folds (not ruggae) |
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| Subdivisions of small intestines |
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| duodenum, jejunum, ileum (plicae) |
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| is retroperitoneal; L1-L4 |
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| hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphicter, major duodenal papilla |
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| is peritoneal and is the terminus of small intestine |
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| largest portion of small intestine |
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| contains lacteals, microvilli, and enterocytes |
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| Intestinal crypts of liberkuhn |
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| lymphoid follicles found in submucosa |
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| occur in duodenal submucosa |
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| frames small intestine on 3 other sides and extends from ileocecal valve to anus |
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| Functions of large intestine |
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-resorption of water/electrolytes; compaction of feces
-vitamin absorption (bacterial flora aka E.coli in colon) |
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| Components of Large Intestine |
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| cecum, vermiform appendix |
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| hausta, taenia coli, epiploic appendages (fatty tags) |
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| ascending>hepatic flexure>transverse>splenic flexure>descending>sigmoid flexure>sigmoid colon |
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| anal canal/columns; internal/external anal sphincter (voluntary); anal orifice |
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| metabolic/hematological regulation; bile production |
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| falciform ligament, ligamentum teres, lobes (right, left, caudate, quadrate), porta hepatis |
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| remnant of umbilical vein in fetal circulation |
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| anchors liver to abdominal wall |
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| hepatic artery proper, portal vein (carries blood from GI tract to liver to be filtered) |
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| lobules (central vein), hepatocytes, portal triad, sinusoids (hepatic macrophages...WBC reside in sinusoids) |
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| Components of Portal Triad of liver |
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| hepatic artery branch, portal vein branch, and bile duct |
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| fundus, body, neck, cystic duct |
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| exocrine and endocrine gland |
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| head, body, tail, pancreatic/accessory pancreatic duct |
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| Exocrine product of pancreas |
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| pancreatic juice= digestive enzymes |
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alpha-glucagon
beta- insulin
delta-somatostatin |
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