Term
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Definition
| Globular proteins that lower "activation energy" so that metabolic processes can occur at normal body temperature |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical processes occurring within cells that result in the use or storage of energy |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Digestion
2. Limited absorption
3. Intrinsic factor |
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Term
| What are the ducts that come from the liver and gallbladder and where do they go? |
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Definition
Cystic duct- off gallbladder
Hepatic duct- off liver
Common duct- joins them together
Enters the digestive tract directly below the pyloric sphincter |
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Term
| What is the function of the gall bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the hormones in the small intestine that affect the stomach and what do they do? |
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Definition
Intestinal somatostation- decreases production of HCl
Cholecystokinim- targets smooth muscle in stomach walls. Shuts parastalsis down so stomach can rest |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
Thickening of mucus which clogs ducts
Major cause of pancreatitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the liver |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produced in small intestine- targets liver and pancreas to trigger release of alkaline fluid |
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Term
| What is the normal stomach acid range? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens when stomach acid reaches a pH of 2? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What hormones are created in the stomach and what do they do? |
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Definition
Gastrin- increase production of HCl
Gastric somatostatin- decrease production of HCl
-Both of these communicate with parietal cells |
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Term
| What is Pepsinogen and what happens when it is mixed with HCl? |
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Definition
It is produced by chief cells- precursor substance, does nothing in the body
HCl + Pepsinogen=Pepsin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Improper absorption of nutrients |
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Term
| Where is the gall bladder located? |
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Definition
| Below right medial lobe in liver |
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Term
| What does the pancreas do? |
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Definition
-produces alkaline fluid
-produces acinar cells which are pancreatic amylase, protease, etc... |
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Term
|
Definition
Bile salts (emulsify fats)
Bile pigments
Electrolytes
Water |
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Term
| What goes through the cystic duct? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What goes through the hepatic duct? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 functions of the small intestine? |
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Definition
-complete digestion
-absorption of nutrients
-transport waste to large intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| The only blood vessels that can exchange materials |
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Term
|
Definition
-absorb lipids to the liver
-liver metabolizes fats and then puts into blood
-they are only found in small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Body is unable to break down gluten and it builds up and coats the lining of the small intestine. Then nutrients are unable to pass |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells font have enough of the nutrients needed to survive (starvation) |
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Term
|
Definition
Primary cause is lack of intrinsic factor
-not enough red blood cells |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of gastric gland cells and what do they produce? |
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Definition
Parietal cells- produce HCl and intrinsic factor
Chief cells- produce gastric enzymes including amylase, protease, lipase, and nuclease |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the small intestine completes digestion? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Something that speeds up a reaction but does not become part of the substance |
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Term
What are the 7 groups of nutrients?
Which are organic?
Which are inorganic? |
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Definition
Organic:
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-vitamins
Inorganic:
-minerals
-water |
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Term
| Organic compounds must contain... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is an essential nutrient? |
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Definition
| Something our body can't produce at all or enough of that we must supplement with our diet |
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Term
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
What are their functions? |
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Definition
Monosaccharides- simple sugars- guick energy
Dissaccharides- 2 sugars- transport energy
Polysaccharides- complex carbs- storage of energy in the form of glycogen |
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Term
| What is the storage form of energy for plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of lipids and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
Oils- energy storage
Waxes- structural lipids for insulation
Fats:
1.cholesterol lipoprotein HDL/LDL
2.triglycerides- dietary fat in plasma |
|
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Term
| What does a fat molecule consist of? |
|
Definition
| 3 fatty acids and 1 molecule of glycerol |
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|
Term
| What are nucleic acids made up of? |
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Definition
Nucleotides
Phosphate, sugar, base |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of nucleic acids and what are their functions? |
|
Definition
DNA- contains genetic material
RNA- copies info from DNA and uses info to synthesize proteins |
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Term
| What are the properties of vitamins? |
|
Definition
-organic
-water soluble (B's and C)
-fat soluble (A,D,E,K)
-catalysts |
|
|
Term
| What organ stores fat soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamins can cause toxicity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are proteins made of? |
|
Definition
| Amino acid chains connected by peptide bonds to create a polypeptide |
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|
Term
How many amino acids do we have?
How many are essential? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids all contain... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is positive nitrogen balance? |
|
Definition
| Taking in more protein than needed |
|
|
Term
| What is negative nitrogen balance? |
|
Definition
Taking in of less protein that is needed
(Starvation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the release of glucose from glycogen (raises blood sugar) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate materials, such and amino acid molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| A monosaccharide found in the blood that serves as the primary source of cellular respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organic compound that serves as a building block for fat molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| A polysaccharide that functions to store glucose in the liver and muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| The formation of glycogen from glucose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of glycogen to glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| A substance composed of a carbohydrate combined with a protein |
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Term
| What are minerals composed of? |
|
Definition
| Electrolytes disolved in water to produce ions (charged particles) |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 forms of minerals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of minerals? |
|
Definition
-structure
-metabolic processes
-catalysts |
|
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Term
| What are the traits of water? |
|
Definition
-inorganic
-makes up 63% of body weight
-1-2% change in water level can cause dehydration which will trigger thirt in the hypothalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taking in more calories than needed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taking in less calories than needed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Measures the heat released in food |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are salivary glands? |
|
Definition
| Exocrine gland and merocrine gland |
|
|
Term
| What is food know as after mastication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the tooth? |
|
Definition
Crown
Dentin
Pulp cavity
Gum
Root |
|
|
Term
| What is the hardest substance the body produces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical and physical breakdown of food into a form the body can absorb and use |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The organs have been divided into different functions to complete the system. If one part fails, it can become a huge problem |
|
|
Term
| What nervous system does the digestive system function under? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in the muscle layer, aids in the movement of food down the esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
-salivary glands
-liver
-pancreas
-gall bladder |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Food that has been mixed with gastric juice in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain promotes vomiting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located on the floor of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
Tongue
Frenulum (anchors tongue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spaces between teeth and cheeks on sides and teeth and lips in the front |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The chewing and mixing of foods with saliva |
|
|
Term
| What is located between the pharynx and the esophagus? |
|
Definition
Glotis- opening into larynx
Esophageal opening
Epiglottis- flap that closes Glotis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tubelike structure used to transport bolus from pharynx to stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circular bands of muscles that act as valves |
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Term
|
Definition
| When the stomach tries to push into the thoracic cavity |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 parts of the stomach from top to bottom? |
|
Definition
-cardiac region
-fundic region (fundus)
-body
-pyloric region (pylorus) |
|
|
Term
| What is located on the roof of the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
| Hard palate, soft palate, and uvula |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Common junction in digestive and respitory system |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of cells located in the saliva? |
|
Definition
Serous cells- serous fluid plus enzymes salivary amylase
Mucous cells- mucus |
|
|
Term
| What is intrinsic factor used for? |
|
Definition
| Aids in absorption of B12. B12 aids in red blood cell production |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
-limited absorption
-little to no digestive properties
-stores fecal material |
|
|
Term
| What is the deffication reflex? |
|
Definition
| Sense of urgency, simple reflex- signal to spinal cord, spinal cord then signals peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| What is the percent of protein in dry body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA vestipal structures
Found in body with no known function |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 parts of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Decending colon
Rectum |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Any inflammation of the colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does chyme become when it enters the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be found in feces? |
|
Definition
Mucus
Electrolytes
Amino acids
Bacteria
Wastes
Water |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 sphincters of the digestive system and where are they located? |
|
Definition
Cardiac sphincter- top of stomach
Pyloric- bottom of stomach
Ileocecal- between S.I. and L.I.
Internal anal- above external
External anal- at anal orfice |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 sets of teeth and how many do they include? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can the stomach absorb? |
|
Definition
-water
-electrolytes
-alcohol
-medicine |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 organ systems that control digestion? |
|
Definition
Digestive
Nervous
Endocrine |
|
|
Term
| What are the folds in the stomach and what are their purpose? |
|
Definition
| Rugae- increase surface area |
|
|
Term
| What are the finger like ends on the rugae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are located on the ends of gastric pits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many openings does the human digestive system have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sphincter is voluntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of tissues are found in the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar epithelial tissue with loose connective tissue underneath |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 layers of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscle layer
-serosa |
|
|
Term
| What is chemical digestion? |
|
Definition
| Breaking down of food with enzymes, HCl and bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical and machanical digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digestion inside the cells, found in single cell organisms like bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digestion outside of the cell, found in multicellular organisms like humans |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the S.I. does most if nutrient absorption take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of calories required at rest to maintain/sustain life |
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