Term
| Functions of Digestive System |
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Definition
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breaking Food down both physically and chemically |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of nutrients into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| rids the body of indigestible waste |
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Term
| Two main groups of organs |
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Definition
Alimentary canal
Accessory digestive organs |
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Term
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Definition
GI Tract-continuous coiled hollow tube
these organs ingest digest absorb and defecate |
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Term
| Accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
| teeth, tongue, and other large digestive organs |
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Term
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus |
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Definition
| Organs of the Alimentary Canal |
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Term
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Definition
| fleshy projection of the soft palate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| initiates swallowing, allows sense of taste |
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Term
| Serves as a passageway for air and food |
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Definition
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Term
| Food Movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Four layers from deep to superficial |
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Definition
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa |
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Term
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Definition
Innermost moist membrane consisting of
surface epithelium
small amount of connective tissue
small smooth muscle layer |
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Term
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Definition
Just beneath mucosa
Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatics |
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Term
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Definition
Smooth muscle
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost layer of the wall contains fluid-producing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer that is continuous with the innermost layer |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
Submucosal nerve plexus
Myenteric nerve plexus |
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Definition
| Regulates mobility and secretory activity of the GI tract organs |
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Term
| Two important nerve plexuses in alimentary canal, both are part of the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
Submucosal nerve plexus
Myenteric nerve plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| on left side of abdominal cavity |
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Term
| Where does food enter in the stomach |
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Definition
| cardioesophageal sphincter |
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Term
| Where does food empty in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac region
Fundus
Body
Pylorus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| expanded protion lateral to the cardiac region |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| funnel-shaped terminal end |
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Term
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Definition
| internal folds of the mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
| has a third layer, helps to churn, mix and pummel food |
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Term
| Where does the chemical breakdown of protein begin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens) |
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Term
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Definition
| produce hydrochloric acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The body's major digestive organ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| site of nutrient absorption |
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Term
| Subdivisions of small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
attached to the stomach
curves around the head of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches anteriorly to the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from jejunum to large intestine |
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Term
| Three structural modifications to increase surface area |
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Definition
Mircrovilli
Villi
Circular folds |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny projections of the plasma membrane (create a brush border appearance) |
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Term
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Definition
| finger like structures formed by the mucosa |
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Term
| Circular folds (pilcae circulares) |
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Definition
| deep folds of mucosa and submucosa |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger in diameter but shorter in length |
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Term
| Subdivisions of Large intestine |
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Definition
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal |
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Term
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Definition
| Saclike first part of the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed
Hangs from cecum |
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Term
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Definition
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid |
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Term
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Definition
| Travels up right side of abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| Travels across the abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Travels down the left side |
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Term
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Definition
| S Shaped region enters the pelvis |
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Term
| What else is located in the pelvis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
opening of the large intestine
external anal sphincter
muscle under voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| produce alkaline mucus which lubricates the passage of feces |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscularis externa layer is reduced to three bands of muscle called the teniae coli, when these walls pucker |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hardest substance in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains salivary amylase to being starch digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum, location is retroperitoneal |
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Term
| Hormones produced by the pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
largest gland in the body
right side |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by cells in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
Bile salts
Bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
| emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller ones |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores bile, when digestion of fatty food is occuring bile is introduced into the duodenum from |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeezes food along the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
Mixing food in mouth by the tongue
Churning food in the stomach
Segmentation in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks |
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Term
| Carbohydrates are broken down into |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph
Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces |
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Term
| What controls the digestive activity |
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Definition
| controlled by reflexes via the parasympathetic division |
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Term
| Digestion activities of the mouth |
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Definition
mechanical breakdown
chemical digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| these have no digestive function, serve as passageways to the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
Voluntary
Occurs in mouth
Food is formed into a bolus |
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Term
| What forces food into the pharynx |
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Definition
| The bolus is forced by the tongue |
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Term
| What kind of transport is the bolus into the pharyngeal-esophageal phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is gastric juice regulated by |
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Definition
| neural and hormonal factors |
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Term
| What is the hormone in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce |
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Definition
Protein-digesting enzymes
mucus
hydrochloric acid |
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Term
| What makes the stomach contents acidic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein digestion enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an active protein-digesting enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| works on digesting milk protein in infants, not adults |
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Term
| What are the only two items absorbed in the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take for the stomach to empty |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Helps complete digestion of starch (pancreatic amylase)
Carry about half of all protein digestion
Digest fats using lipases
Digest nucleic acids |
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Term
| Release of pancreatic juice into the duodenum is stimulated by |
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Definition
vagus nerve
Local hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
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Term
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Definition
| causes the liver to increase the bile output |
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Term
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Definition
| causes the gallbladder to release stored bile |
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Term
| What is bile necessary for |
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Definition
| fat absorption and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (K,D,A) |
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Term
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Definition
no digestive enzymes are produced
Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
undigested food residues
mucus
bacteria
water |
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Term
| When does defecation occur? |
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Definition
| With relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair |
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Term
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Water |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Saturataed fats from animal products
Unsaturated fats from nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils
Cholesterol from egg yolk, meats, and milk products |
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Term
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Definition
most are from animal products
essential amino acids are ones that our bodies cannot make |
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Term
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Definition
| Most are used as coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Most foods are vegetables, legumes, milk and some meats |
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Term
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Definition
| substances are broken down to simpler substances; energy is release |
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Term
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Definition
| larger molecules are built from smaller ones |
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Term
| Carbohydrates are the body's preffered source to produce cellular energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energizes a glucose molecule so it can be split into two pyruvic acid molecules and yield ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Produces virtually all the carbon dioxide and water resulting from cell respiration
Yields a small amount of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrogen atoms removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are delivered to protein carriers
Hydrogen is split into hydrogen ions and electrons in the mitochondria
Electrons give off energy in a series of steps to enable the production of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessively high leves of glucose in the blood |
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Term
| Excess glucose is stored in body cells as |
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Definition
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Term
| If blood glucose levels are still too high excesses are converted to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
low levels of glucose in the blood
liver breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Handled mostly by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| results from incomplete fat oxidation in which acetoacetic acid and acetone accumulate in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"no carbohydrate" diets
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
starvation |
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Term
| What converts harmful ammonia to urea which can be eliminated in urine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
manufactures bile
detoxifies drugs and alcohol
degrades hormones
produces cholesterol, blood proteins
Plays a central role in metabolism |
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Term
| What can regenerate if part of it is damaged or removed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
glycogen formation
glucose molecules are converted to glycogen
glyogen molecules are stored in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
glucose splitting
glucose is released from the liver after conversion from glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
formation of new sugar
glucose is produced from fats and proteins |
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Term
| Is cholesterol used to make ATP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| serves as a structural basis of steroid hormones and vitamin D |
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Term
| Where is cholesterol produced |
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Definition
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Term
| Cannot freely circulate in the bloodstream |
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Definition
| Cholesterol and fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
low density lipoproteins transport to body cells
Bad lipoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| hardening of the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| High-density lipoproteins |
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Term
| The energy liberated during food oxidation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
energy we lose as heat (60%)
energy stored as fat or glycogen |
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Term
| Mechanisms that may regulate food intake |
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Definition
levels of nutrients in the blood
Hormones
Body temperature
psychological factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic metabolic rate- amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest |
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Term
| Factors that influence BMR |
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Definition
Surface area smaller body has higher BMR
Gender males tend to have higher BMR
Age children and adolescents have higher |
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Term
| Effect of thyroxine on BMR |
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Definition
| The more thyroxine means a higher metabolic rate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Heat promoting mechanisms |
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Definition
vasoconstriction of blood vessels
shivering |
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Term
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Definition
| heat loss from the skin via radiation and evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Alimentary canal is developed by the |
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Definition
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Term
| The developing fetus receives all nutrients through the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rooting-finding nipple
sucking-hold on to nipple and swallow |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the appendix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Ulcers
Gallbladder problems |
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Definition
| middle-age digestive problems |
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