or/o

-al

mouth

oral

pertaining to the mouth

mouth

stomatitis

tongue

glossectomy  removal of all or part of tongue

tongue

lingual pertaining to the tongue

cheek

buccal-pertaining to the cheek

lip

cheiloplasty-surgical repair of a lip

lip 

labial - pertaining to the lip

teeth

dentist- specialist of the teeth

teeth

orth-odont-ist   -  dentist specializes incorrecting repairing irregularities

gum

gingivectomy

excision of diseased gingival tissue

Gingivectomy is performed as surgical treatment  for peridontal disease. 

saliva

sialolith- calculus formed in salivary gland duct

esophagus

esophagoscope

instrument used to examine esophagus

pharynx

Throat

pharyngotonsiliitis

inflammation of the pharynx

stomach

gastralgia

pain in stomach

pylorus

pylorospasm

involuntary contraction of the pyloric sphincter of stomach

duodenum

1st part of small intestine

duodenoscopy

visual examination of the duodenum

intestine

enteropathy

disease of the intestine

jejunum

second part of the small intestine

jejunorrhaphy

suture of the jejunum

ileum

third part of small intestine

ileostomy

creation of an opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall

An ileostomy creates an opening on the surface of the abdomen to allow feces to be discharged into a bag worn on the abdomen. 

Appendix

Creation of an opening between the colon and the abdomen wall

A colonoscopy creates a place for fecal matter to exit the body other than the anus

Colon

Colonoscopy

Visual examination of the colon

Colonoscopyis performed with anelongated endoscope called a colonscope

Rectum

Rectocele

Herniation or protrusion of the rectum;also called protocele

Bile,gall

Cholelith

Gallstone

Gallstones are solid masses composed of bile and cholesterol that form inthem gallbladder and common bile duct

Removal of the gallbladder

Cholecystectomy is performed by laparoscopic or open surgery.

Vomit

Hyperemesis

Excessive vomiting

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct 

-megaly

hepatomegaly

enlargement

enlargement of the liver 

Hepatomegaly may be caused by hepatitis or infection, fatty infiltration, as in alcoholism, biliary obstruction, or malignency.

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Most commonly associated with cirrhosis of the liver, especially when caused by alcoholism.  Failure of the liver to produce albumin, combined with portal htn forces fluid to pass from the circulatory system and accumulate in the peritoneum.

digestion

dyspepsia  epigastric discomfort felt after eating (indigestion)

swallowing, eating

aerophagia

swallowing air

meal

postprandial

following a meal

discharge, flow

dia-

diarrhea

through, across

abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

Cholelithiasis may or may not produce symptoms. 

Scarring and dysfunction fo the liver cause by chronic liver disease. 

Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by chronic alcoholism.  It may also by caused by toxins, infectious agents, metabolic disease, and circulatory diseases.  In this d/o, functional hepatic cells are replaced by nonfunctioning fibrous tissue that impairs the flow of blood and lymph within the liver, resulting in hepatic insuffiency. 

Chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affectin any portion of the intestinal tract ; also called regional enteritis

Crohn disease is a chronic disease distinguished from closely related bowel d/o by its inflammatory pattern.  It may cause fever cramping diarrhea, and weight loss.

Epigastric discomfort felt after eating;  indegestion

dys-bad

-pepsia  -indigestion

Backflow of gastric contents in to the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior protion of the esophagus.

GERD may occur whenever pressure in the stomach is greater than that in the espohagus and may be associated with heartburn, esphagitis, hiatal hernia, or chest pain. 

Vomiting blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

Symptom complex of the small intestinecharacterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph.   

Malabsorption syndrome may be associated with or due to a number ofdiseases,including those affecting the intestinal mucosa.   It may be also due to surgery such as gastric reaction and illilieal bypass or antibiotictherapy.  

excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually 20% above ideal weight

Obesity may be due to excessive intake of food (exogenous) o metabolic or endocrine abnormalities (endogenous)

formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

Oral leukoplakia is a precancerous condition usually associated with pipe or cigarette smoking or ill-fitting dentures.

Stricture or narrowing of the ploric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine. 

The muscle fibers of the outlet are cut, without severing the mucosa, to widen the opening.  After surgery in adults , a stomach tube remains in place and observation is maintained for signs of hemorrhage or blockage of the tube. 

NPO

n.p.o.

PC

p.c.