Type of intestinal obstruction in which one part of the intestine constricts and gets pulled into the immediately distal segment of intestine; most commonly seen near the ileocecal junction.

Symptoms include bloody stools and severe abdominal pain

twisting or torsion of an intestinal segment around itself.

if left untreated obstruction of digestive material results and the segment necroses due to poor blood supply.

oral cavity

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

teeth

tongue

salivary glands

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

parotid

submandibular

sublingual

are the largest

located anterior and slightly inferior to the ear

saliva is conducted thorough the parotid duct

are inferior to the body of the mandible

Produce most of the saliva

submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a papilla in the floor of the mouth

are inferior to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity mucosa

each root of a tooth is ensheathed within this hardened material

(rough quarry stone)

forms the crown of the tooth

Hardest substance in the body

composed of calcium phosphate crystals

forms the primary mass of a tooth

comparable to bone but harder

contract sequentially during swallowing

form the wall of the pharynx

a tube from the GI tract to the esophagus through the large intestine

Four layers:  mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and  the adventitia or serosa

innervated by the vagus nerve (X)

external carotid arteries supply blood

drained by the internal jugular veins

Parietal peritoneum

a potential space where the peritoneal layers that face each other secrete a lubricating serous fluid.

The peritoneal cavity lubricates both the body wall and the internal organ surfaces

stomach

part of the duodenum of the small intestine

jejunum

ileum of the small intestine

cecum

appendix

transverse colon of the large intestine

sigmoid colon of the large intestine

most of the duodenum

pancreas

ascending and descending colon of the large intestine

rectum

runs from the liver to the stomach

part of the lesser omentum

runs from the liver to the duodenum

part of the lesser omentum

a dense irregular connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

usually has two smooth muscle layers

1) an inner circular layer

2) outer longitudinal layer

the outermost covering

composed of areolar connective tissue with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers

composed of areolar CT

dispersed collagen

elastic fibers

covered by visceral peritoneum

its mucosa has a stratified squamous epithelium

its muscularis has a skeletal muscle in its superior region and smoothe muscle in its inferior region

it doesn't

it follows the basic default pattern of the tunics

celiac trunk

superor mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery

1) voluntary phase - moves bolus into the pharynex

2)  pharyngeal phase - moves the bolus through the pharynx into the esophagus

3)  esophageal phase - conducts the bolus to the stomach

cardia

fundus

body

pylorus

simple columnar epithelium

containing gastric pits and gastric glands

three smooth muscle layers

1) inner oblique

2) middle circular

3) outer longitudinal

1) surface mucous cells - secrete mucin

2) mucous neck cells - secrete acidic mucin

3) parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

4) chief cells - secrete pepsinogin

5) enteroendocrine cells - secrete gastrin and other hormones

celiac plexus

superior mesenteric plexus

inferior mesenteric plexus

contains sympathetic axons from T5 -T9

parasympathetic axons form the vagus nerve

supplies structures that receive their blood suppy from branches of the celiac trunk

contains sympathetic axons from T8-T12

Parasympathetic axons from the vagus nerve

transmits autonomic innervation to structrues that receive their blood supply from branches of the superior mesenteric artery

sympathetic axons from L1-L12

Parasympathetic axons from the pelvic splanchnic nerves supplies structures that receive blood from branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

promotes activity

stimulates gland secretion and peristalsis

relaxes the GI sphincters

induce vasodilation

increase blood flow

inhibits digestive system activity

inhibits GI gland secretion

inhibits peristalsis

closes the GI sphincters

vasoconstricts the blood vessels

cecum

ascending colon

 transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

rectum

anal canal

villi

intestinal glands

bile production

drug detoxificaiton

storage of nutrients and glycogen

synthesis of plasma proteins

the area where the esophagus and the pharynx meet

the sphincter closes during inhalation of air so the air enters the larynx and trachea instead

Stomach

Cardia

Stomach

fundus

Stomach

body

Stomach

pylorus

superior foregut

central midgut

inferior hindgut

Baby

Stomach formation begins by week

Parietal

synthesize and secrete enzymes -pepsin

hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery

bile duct