Term
Histology:
Name the 4 layers of the diges sys. |
|
Definition
| 1-mucosa (lamina propria, muscularis mucosa) 2-submucosa 3-muscularis externa 4-serosa/adventitia |
|
|
Term
| Explain 4 layers of digestive system |
|
Definition
1-Muscosa (epithelium & CT)
stratified squamous/simple columnar
a.lamina propria (CT)
passage for bv's,lymphs,etc.
b.muscularis mucosa
muscle layer
2. submucosa (loose CT)
has submucosal plexus
3.muscularis externis (smooth muscle)
-inner circular
-outer longitudinal
4.serosa/adventita
(serosa covers most of diges tract)
(adventita found outside diges
sys--> esophagus, rectum, etc.) |
|
|
Term
peristalsis
segmentation
when do they occur in relation to each other? |
|
Definition
peristalsis: directional movement along the tract (moves from esophagus to stomach, stomach to intestine)
segmentation: mixing movement that occurs everywhere
occur at different times |
|
|
Term
| in the muscular movement what cells cause automaticity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between a vilus and microvilius? |
|
Definition
vilus: fingerlike projections covered in cells
microvilus: the finger-like cells that sit on a vilus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visceral and parietal portions that are continuous with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
double sided sheets of periotneum
-provide a passage for lymph, bv's etc.
-stabilize position of organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
greater omentum: hangs off greater curvature of stomach
-has fat in it (stores energy)
-protects organs
-provides insulation
-can seal off infected areas (band-aid)
Lesser Omentum: between stomach & liver
-retro-peritoneal: an organ that lies btwn nody wall and parietal peritoneum
(kidneys, ureters) |
|
|
Term
ORAL CAVITY
-name the borders
-name lining
-what is the base of it?
-anatomical term for "gums" |
|
Definition
-lips, cheeks, palate, floor
-stratified squamous
-hard & soft palate
-gingiva |
|
|
Term
Tongue: divided into what 2 sections?
-name the 2 muscles and differentiate between them |
|
Definition
-body and root
-intrisic muscle: alters shape & assists extrinsic (curl and flip tongue)
-extrinsic muscle: does major tongue movements (stick tongue out, swallow) |
|
|
Term
| what is the piece of tissue under your tongue? |
|
Definition
the frenulum
it attaches your tongue to the floor of the mouth |
|
|
Term
| what is the term for inflammed gums? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the 3 salivary glands, where they are & functions |
|
Definition
Parotid: drops spit into the mouth
below the ear:
a duct that runs along your cheek
and enters the mouth
Sublingual glands: floor of mouth under tongue
-smallest
-multiple small ducts open under tongue
Submandibular: under lower jaw
-a single duct on either side goes in at base of tongue and comes out at frenulum
-produce salivary amylase |
|
|
Term
what is salivary amylase used for?
define the term:
what kind of pH does amylase like? |
|
Definition
it begins the digestion of starch
digestion: the enzymatic breakdown of food
-neutral pH (destroyed when it hits the stomach) |
|
|
Term
how much saliva is produced each day?
what are some of the properties of saliva? |
|
Definition
1-1.5 liters
antibacterial and lubricating |
|
|
Term
Teeth:
describe the anatomy |
|
Definition
-enamel covers the outside (cementum)
-the enamel covers the dentin
-the dentin encloses the pulp cavity
-the pulp cavity is continuous with the root canal (v, a, n) |
|
|
Term
| what hooks the tooth into the jaw? |
|
Definition
| the sementum around the outside of the root is hooked in with periodontal ligaments |
|
|
Term
what are the 3 general parts of a tooth?
which part hold up the top of the tooth? |
|
Definition
crown, neck, root
the neck holds it up |
|
|
Term
Name the types of teeth:
How many are there of each? |
|
Definition
incisors, canines (cuspids), bicuspids (pre-molars), molars
incisors: 2
canines (cuspids): 1
bicuspids (pre-molars): 1
molars: 3 |
|
|
Term
PHARYNX
shared by what systems?
explain voluntary/involuntary food entering |
|
Definition
-resp/ diges
-food enters voluntarily and then becomes an involuntary process |
|
|
Term
ESOPHAGUS:
what is it?
what enzymatic process starts in this tube?
what kind of tube is it anatomically? |
|
Definition
a tube that carries food to the stomach
-digestion of starch by amylase
-a muscular tube |
|
|
Term
| describe the muscular arrangement in the esophagus |
|
Definition
top is skeletal
middle mixed: skeletal/smooth
lower portion is all smooth |
|
|
Term
| 2 sphincters in esophagus |
|
Definition
-Upper esophageal sphincter: false sphincter (just a muscle thickening)
-Lower esophageal sphincter: controls the passage of food into stomach (prevents reflux) |
|
|
Term
Stomach
-what does it's shape/size allow?
-what does it produce?
-anatomical portions?
-regional portions? |
|
Definition
-allows bulk storage so you don't have to constantly eat
-chyme
-greater & lesser curvature
-cardia (where esophagus enters stomach)
fundus (projects superiorly;blind pouch)
body (largest region)
pylorus (has the pyloric sphincter where chyme passes through to duodenum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach contents after being mixed with acid and stomach secretions |
|
|
Term
Stomach rugae: (what are they)
Mesentaries:
Which way does the lesser curvature face? |
|
Definition
-they're folds in the mucosal wall
-greater omentum ("pouch"): has fat for energy, insulation, protection
-lesser omentum: stabilizes stomach
gives access for a,v,n
-lesser faces right |
|
|
Term
Blood supply to the stomach
Arteries (on lesser/greater curvature)
-what gives rise to them
Blood vessels |
|
Definition
-left gastric artery (runs along lesser curvature)
-blood vessels are called right & left gastrics
-R & L gastroepiploic arteries (runs along fundus & greater curvature)
-the spleen gives rise to left gastroepiplic artery
-the common hepatic gives rise to right gastric artery,
right gastroepiploic and
gastroduodenal artery |
|
|
Term
musculature in the stomach -muscularis mucosa
musculature in the stomach wall -muscularis externa |
|
Definition
muscularis mucosa has an extra outer circular layer
stomach wall:
-muscularis externa has extra inner oblique layer- very innermost part (with the outer longitudinal and inner ciruclar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pit shaped indents in the rugae that secrete gastric juices from the glands they attach to
-connected to gastric glands
-in fundus |
|
|
Term
types of cells in stomach (3)
P,C,E |
|
Definition
-parietal: make HCL (cause low pH of stomach-->acidity) & intrinsic factor (helps digest VB12)
-chief cells: produce pepsinogen--> Pepsin (digests proteins)
-Enteroendocrine cells: G cells make Gastrin (makes regulatory molecules to stim parietal/chief cells; controls secretion) |
|
|
Term
READ OVER REGULATION of stomach
-what do hormones in small intestine do? |
|
Definition
READ OVER REGULATION of stomach
-they have a secondary effect of decreasing stomach activity |
|
|
Term
Small intestine is where what occurs?
Length
What features does this intestine have?
What do these features do?
Why is this important? |
|
Definition
the majority of digestion and absorption
-15 to 25 ft long
-Permanent folds called Plicae Circularees
They increase the surface area and have vilii and microvilii to further increase surface area.
Increased surface area allows for faster and more efficient nutrient absorption. |
|
|
Term
Hormones made in the small intestine (2)
-what do they do? |
|
Definition
Secretin and CCK
-they are chemical regulator hormones (control things like your liver and pancreas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Duodenum: shortest/widest
-C shaped
-mostly retroperitoneal
-starts at pyloric sphincter (receives chyme from stomach)
-has duodenal papilla (openings from common bile duct & pancreatic duct)
products form these sources help with digesting foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intraperitoneal
2nd longest
Peyers Patches: collections of lymphoid cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Longest
ends at illocecal valve (controls movement of intestinal contents to large intestine)
Has prominent Peyers Patches: collections of lymphoid cells (they respond to toxins, parasites in the food) |
|
|
Term
| What mesentary supports the intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Vili with microvili
what are they?
what epithelium covers them? |
|
Definition
Vili: fingerlike projections off mucosal surface
Microvili: tiny microvili on each epithelial cell
Lined by simple squamous ep |
|
|
Term
Crypts in the intestine:
-where are they located
- what do they do?
-What hormones do they have in them? |
|
Definition
-located at the base of vili
-they have stem cells to replace lost epithelial cells
- Secretin and CCK |
|
|
Term
Lacteals
-found where
-what do they do? |
|
Definition
-found in lamina propria
-they pick up absorbed fats |
|
|
Term
LARGE INTESTINE
-absorbs
-what does it do with feces? |
|
Definition
-absorbs water and vitamins
-fecal compaction |
|
|
Term
Large Intestine:
what are the 2 regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cecum
what valve is here?
What appendix is here? |
|
Definition
-pouch on right side of abdomen
-ileocecal valve
-veriform appendix hangs off it |
|
|
Term
Colon
-pouches here are called?
-what muscle strip is here?
-regions of the colon? |
|
Definition
-haustrae
-longitudinal muscle called Taenia Coli
-Ascending, R Colic flexure, Transverse Colon, L Colic Flexure, Descending, Sigmoid flexure, Sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
Rectum
-what are the folds called?
2 sphincters |
|
Definition
-longitudinal folds called "rectal columns"
-upper anal (involuntary) and lower anal sphincters (voluntary) |
|
|
Term
Are there vili in the large intestine?
What type of cells are common here?
what glands are here? |
|
Definition
There are no vili in the large intestine
-goblet cells
-Crypts of Lieberkuhn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas |
|
|
Term
Liver
-largest what?
-3 functions |
|
Definition
-visceral organ
-removes toxins and nutrients, removes damaged cells
-blood reservoir
-bile: water, bilirubin, bile salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Right, Left, Quadrate:inf., btwn left lobe and gallbladder, Caudate: sup., btwn left and right lobes |
|
|
Term
| Liver ligaments from remnants: (2) |
|
Definition
Falciform: remnant of utero ligament
Round ligament: remnant of another utero ligament |
|
|
Term
Liver Blood Supply
2 vessels that carry blood to liver:
Vessel that carries blood from liver to where? |
|
Definition
-Hepatic artery (oxygenated)
-Hepatic portal vein (deoxygenated)--> blood from periphery to central vein
-Hepatic veins: blood to vena cava |
|
|
Term
Where do these flow?
1- Branch of hepatic portal vein?
2-branch of hepatic artery proper?
3- Sinusoid
4- Central veins
5- hepatic veins |
|
Definition
1- sinusoid
2- sinusoid
3- (passes hepatocytes--> where stuff is worked on) to central vein
4- hepatic veins
5- inf. vena cava |
|
|
Term
Liver is made of what things?
What is at the middle of each part?
What is the portal triad made of? |
|
Definition
-hexgonal lobules
central vein is in the middle
triad: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct |
|
|
Term
Liver
what is a sinusoid?
What are kupffer cells? |
|
Definition
large, thin-walled capillaries that carry blood to central vein from portal triad vessels
-hepatic macrophages |
|
|
Term
Bile is made by
Where does it start its travel? |
|
Definition
hepatocytes
starts in bile canaliculi --> bile ductules --> hepatic ducts (R&L) --> common hepatic duct --> cystic duct --> forms common bile duct to duodenal papillae |
|
|
Term
Gallbladder does what?
Liver does what?
where does gallbladder send its product?
What hormone does the gallbladder respond to? --> what releases this? |
|
Definition
stores bile
makes bile
sends bile down the cystic duct to common hepatic duct making common bile duct
CCK (small intestine: esp. duodenum) |
|
|
Term
PANCREAS
location is...
name it's 2 ducts |
|
Definition
retroperitoneal
pancreatic duct (empties into duodenal papilla) & accessory duct (smaller) |
|
|
Term
Pancreas is divided into...
where do pancreatic ducts end?
What are scattered throughout the acini?
-what do they do? |
|
Definition
lobules
end at pancreatic acini (lined by simple cuboidal ep)
-they make pancreatic juice (water, buffers, ions, enzymes)
-pancreatic islets
(make hormones) |
|
|
Term
Enzymes:
lipases
carohydrases
nucleases
proteinases
amylase
tripsin: |
|
Definition
lipases: fat digestion
carohydrases: carb digestion
nucleases: DNA and RNA digestion
proteinases: break down
protein/digestion
amylase: stach breakdown (Starts in throat-submandibular gland)
tripsin: protein digestion in pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what regulates the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| hormones from small intestine |
|
|
