Term
| Where are carbohydrates broken down |
|
Definition
| The mouth and small intestine |
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|
Term
| Where are fats broken down |
|
Definition
| The mouth and small intestine |
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|
Term
| Where are proteins broken down |
|
Definition
| Stomach and small intestine |
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Term
| Digestion is controlled by what nervous system |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic via the Vagus nerve |
|
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Term
| What breaks down starch into polysaccharides |
|
Definition
| the release of ptyalin (salvatory amalyase) from CN 7 and 9 |
|
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Term
| What shuts off salvatory amalyase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When carbs reach the small intestine what are they broken down by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is pancreatic amalyase made? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is pancreatic amalyase delivered? |
|
Definition
| through the pancreatic duct (duct of wirsung) to the second section of the duodenum through the ampulla of vata and the sphinctor of oddi |
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|
Term
| What is does the amalyase break down the polysaccharide into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are individual disaccharide enzymes broken down into monosaccharides by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactase is broken down into |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactose is broken down into |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sucrase is broken down into |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sucrose is broken down into |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Maltase is broken down into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maltose is broken down into |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The monosaccarides are absorbed and sent to __ |
|
Definition
| the liver via the portal vein |
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|
Term
| For the digestion of protein gastric glands give rise to |
|
Definition
| parietal cells (oxyntic cells) and chief cells (peptic cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal/oxyntic cells make |
|
Definition
| HCL, intrinsic factor for B12 absorbtion in the terminal ileum |
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|
Term
| What is the purpose of HCL in the stomach |
|
Definition
| converts pepsinogen to pepsin which breaks down protein into polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucous neck cells or cardiac gastric cells |
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|
Term
| What gives rise to gastic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric cells produce ___ |
|
Definition
| gastrin which increase gastric secretions and motility and mucous |
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Term
| When polypeptides reach the small intestine what converts trypsinogen into trypsin |
|
Definition
| enterokinase (brush boarder cells) |
|
|
Term
| When trypsinogen is converted into trypsin what is activated |
|
Definition
| all other proteolytic enzymes and then gets transported to the liver for digestion |
|
|
Term
| What protects the pancreas from digesting itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can happen if trypsin inhibitor is blocked |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breaks down polypeptides in the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What digests elastin fiber that holds meat together? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps break into individual amino acids then gets sent to the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has enterocytes that are the brush boarders of the microvilli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What releases aminopolypeptidase and dipeptidase to break down poly and dipeptides into amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do goblet cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What starts the breakdown of fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much fat is broken down in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the production of pancreatic lipase to break down fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In response to fat the pyloric sphinctor is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does the Closing of the pyoloric sphinctor have on gastrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inhibitory effect of gastrin causes the gallbladder to release ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the effect of bile do? |
|
Definition
| increases the surface area of fats to be acted on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do micelles do with the fat |
|
Definition
| they carry digested fat to the microvilli of the lacteal glands for absorption |
|
|
Term
| Where is fat absorbed and in what form? |
|
Definition
| lymphatics in the form of chylomicrons |
|
|
Term
| Long chain fatty acids are absorbed in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medium chain fatty acids are absorbed in the |
|
Definition
| portal system to the liver or lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| Small chain fatty acids are absorbed |
|
Definition
| in the liver directly through the portal system |
|
|
Term
| What is the mineral of B12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed in the terminal ileum |
|
Definition
| methylcobalamin or cyanocobalamin |
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is a decrease of intrinsic factor in the stomach |
|
Definition
| pernicious anemia (macrocytic, normochromatic anemia) aka megaloblastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the standard treatment of a decreased intrinsic factor |
|
Definition
| folic acid (B9/methylfolate) or B12 (methylcobalamin) injections |
|
|
Term
| What happens if a decreased intrinsic factor is left untreated? |
|
Definition
| posterolateral sclerosis of the spinal cord (combined systems disease) |
|
|
Term
| What can stop B12 absorbtion in the ileum? |
|
Definition
| fish tapeworm (diphyllobothrium latum) |
|
|
Term
| what are larger than normal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cells of normal color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are cells of less color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of B12 or folic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an immature cell is larger than normal folic acid or B12 may |
|
Definition
| shrink the RBC through DNA synthesis (Macrocytic Megaloblastic anemia) |
|
|
Term
| If folic acid and B12 has nothing to do with hemoglobin it is |
|
Definition
| normochromic (sometimes boards only has Hypochromic) |
|
|
Term
| If the cell is iron or hemoglobin deficient it is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if there is less iron it will cause less hemoglobin causing |
|
Definition
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