Term
| BEGINNING WITH THE ____, THE WALLS OF THE GI TRACT ORGANS HAVE A ____ ____ PATTERN THAT REFLECTS THEIR COMMON FUNCTIONS. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE FOUR DISTINCT LAYERS OR TUNICS OF THE BASIC ALIMENTARY CANAL WALL STRUCTURE? |
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Definition
| THE MUCOSA, SUBMUCOSA, MUSCULARIS, SEROSA |
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Term
| EACH LAYER OF THE BASIC ALIMENTARY CANAL WALL STRUCTURE CONTAINS A ____ TISSUE TYPE THAT HAS A SPECIFIC ROLE TO PLAY IN THE ____ ____ PROCESS. |
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Definition
| PREDOMINANT, FOOD BREAKDOWN |
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Term
| WHAT IS A MOIST EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE THAT LINES THE LUMEN, OR CAVITY, OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL FROM THE MOUTH TO THE ANUS? |
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Definition
| THE MUCOSA, OR MUCOUS MEMBRANE |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE MUCOSA? |
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Definition
1. SECRETION (OF MUCUS, DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, AND HORMONES)
2. ABSORPTION (OF THE END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION INTO THE BLOOD)
3. PROTECTION (AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE) |
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Term
T OR F: THE MUCOSA IN A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE GI TRACT MAY EXPRESS
ONE OR ALL THREE OF THE FUNCTIONS. |
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Definition
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Term
WHAT IS JUST DEEP TO THE MUCOSA, IS
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINING
BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, NERVE ENDINGS, AND EPITHELIAL GLANDS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT LAYER'S LUXURIANT VASCULAR NETWORK SUPPLIES SURROUNDING TISSUES AND CARRIES AWAY ABSORBED NUTRIENTS? |
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Definition
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Term
| THE SUBMUCOSAL NERVE SUPPLY, CALLED THE ____, IS PART OF THE INTRINSIC NERVE SUPPLY OF THE GI TRACT WALL AND IS ACTUALLY PART OF THE ____. |
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Definition
| SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Term
| WHAT LAYER MIXES AND PROPELS FOOD STUFFS ALONG THE DIGESTIVE TRACT? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT USUALLY HAS AN INNER CIRCULAR LAYER AND AN OUTER LONGITUDINAL LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS? |
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Definition
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Term
| IN THE MUSCULARIS AT SEVERAL POINTS ALONG THE GI TRACT, THE CIRCULAR MUSCLE LAYER BECOMES THICKENED TO FORM ____ THAT ACT AS ____ TO PREVENT BACKFLOW AND CONTROL FOOD PASSAGE FROM ONE ORGAN TO THE NEXT. |
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Definition
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Term
| IN THE MUSCULARIS LAYER, THE ____, ANOTHER AUTONOMIC NERVE PLEXUS, IS FOUND BETWEEN THE TWO SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS AND PROVIDES THE MAJOR NERVE SUPPLY TO THE GI TRACT WALL AND CONTROLS ____. |
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Definition
| MYENTERIC PLEXUS, GI MOTILITY |
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Term
| T OR F: IN GENERAL, ACTIVITY OF SYMPATHETIC FIBERS ENHANCES GI MOTILITY AND SECRETORY ACTIVITY, WHEREAS PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS INHIBIT MOTILITY, THEREBY DEPRESSING DIGESTION. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT LAYER IS THE PROTECTIVE OUTERMOST LAYER OF MOST OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL WALL AND THE VISCERAL PERITONEUM? |
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Definition
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Term
| THE ____, A THIRD AUTONOMIC PLEXUS, IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SEROSA. |
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Definition
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Term
| GASTRIC SECRETION IS CONTROLLED BY BOTH ____ AND ____ MECHANISMS AND UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, THE GASTRIC MUCOSA POURS OUT AS MUCH AS ____ OF GASTRIC JUICE EACH DAY. |
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Definition
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Term
| T OR F: GASTRIC SECRETIONS ARE INVOLVED NOT ONLY IN CHEMICAL DIGESTION, BUT ALSO IN THE REGULATION OF INTESTINE CONTRACTIONS. |
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Definition
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Term
| NERVOUS CONTROL IS PROVIDED BY THE LONG AND SHORT ____. WHEN THE ____ NERVES ACTIVELY STIMULATE THE STOMACH, SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF VIRTUALLY ALL OF ITS GLANDS ____ DRAMATICALLY. HORMONAL CONTROL OF GASTRIC SECRETION IS LARGELY THE PROVINCE OF ____, WHICH STIMULATES THE SECRETION OF BOTH ____ AND ____. |
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Definition
| NERVE REFLEXES, VAGUS, INCREASES, GASTRIN, ENZYMES, HCL |
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Term
| THE STIMULATION OF GASTRIC SECRETION IS RELATED TO WHAT THREE DISTINCT PHASES OF GASTRIC SECRETORY ACTIVITY? |
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Definition
| THE CEPHALIC, GASTRIC, AND INTESTINAL PHASES |
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Term
WHAT PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION OCCURS
BEFORE FOOD HAS ENTERED THE STOMACH AND IS TRIGGERED BY THE SIGHT, AROMA, TASTE, OR THOUGHT OF FOOD? |
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Definition
| THE CEPHALIC (REFLEX) PHASE |
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Term
| DURING WHICH PHASE, DOES THE BRAIN GET THE STOMACH READY FOR ITS UPCOMING DIGESTIVE CHORE? |
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Definition
| THE CEPHALIC (REFLEX) PHASE |
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Term
| DURING THE CEPHALIC PHASE, INPUTS FROM ACTIVATED OLFACTORY RECEPTORS AND TASTE BUDS ARE RELAYED TO THE ____, WHICH IN TURN STIMULATES THE ____ NUCLEI OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA, CAUSING MOTOR IMPULSES TO BE TRANSMITTED VIA ____ NERVE FIBERS TO THE STOMACH GLANDS. |
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Definition
| HYPOTHALAMUS, VAGAL, VAGAL |
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Term
THE ENHANCED SECRETORY ACTIVITY RESULTING FROM THE SIGHT OR THOUGHT OF FOOD IS BELIEVED TO REPRESENT A CONDITIONED ____ AND OCCURS ONLY WHEN WE LIKE OR WANT THE FOOD. IF WE ARE DEPRESSED OR HAVE NO APPETITE, THIS
PARTICULAR PART OF THE REFLEX IS ____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| WHEN FOOD REACHES THE STOMACH, NEURAL AND HORMONAL MECHANISMS INITIATE THE ____ PHASE, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT ____ OF THE GASTRIC JUICE RELEASED. |
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Definition
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Term
| STOMACH DISTENTION ____ STRETCH RECEPTORS AND INITIATES BOTH ____ REFLEXES AND THE ____ REFLEXES. |
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Definition
| ACTIVATES, LOCAL (MYENTERIC), LONG VAGOVAGAL |
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Term
| IN THE ____ REFLEX, IMPULSES ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE MEDULLA ALONG VAGAL AFFERENTS AND THEN BACK TO THE STOMACH VIA VAGAL EFFERENTS. |
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Definition
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Term
| IN THE GASTRIC PHASE, BOTH TYPES OF NEURAL ACTIVITY LEAD TO ____ RELEASE, WHICH STIMULATES THE OUTPUT OF MORE ____. |
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Definition
| ACETYLCHOLINE, GASTRIC JUICE |
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Term
| T OR F: THE HORMONE GASTRIN IS PROBABLY LESS IMPORTANT THAN NEURAL INFLUENCES IN STIMULATING THE STOMACH GLANDS DURING THE GASTRIC PHASE. |
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Definition
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Term
| CHEMICAL STIMULI PROVIDED BY FOODS, ESPECIALLY PARTIALLY DIGESTED ____ AND ____ (PRESENT IN COLAS, COFFEE, AND TEA) DIRECTLY ____ GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. ____, IN TURN, STIMULATES THE GASTRIC GLANDS TO SPEW OUT EVEN MORE GASTRIC JUICE. |
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Definition
| PROTEINS, CAFFEINE, ACTIVATE, GASTRIN |
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Term
| ALTHOUGH GASTRIN STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF BOTH ENZYMES AND HCL, ITS MOST PRONOUNCED EFFECTS ARE ON THE HCL-SECRETING ____ CELLS. |
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Definition
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Term
| GASTRIN SECRETION IS INHIBITED BY ____, AND WHEN THE pH OF THE GASTRIC CONTENTS DROPS BELOW ____, ITS SECRETION IS DAMPED. |
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Definition
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Term
| AS A GENERAL RULE, WHEN ____ FOODS ARE IN THE STOMACH, THE pH OF THE GASTRIC CONTENTS RISES BECAUSE THEY ACT AS ____ TO TIE UP H+. THE RISE IN pH REMOVES THE ____ OF GASTRIN AND STIMULATES RELEASE OF ____, WHICH IN TURN PROVIDES THE ACIDIC CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR PROTEIN DIGESTION. |
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Definition
| PROTEIN, BUFFERS, INHIBITION, HCL |
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Term
| T OR F: THE MORE PROTEIN IN A MEAL, THE LESSER THE AMOUNT OF GASTRIN AND HCL RELEASED. |
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Definition
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Term
| AS PROTEINS ARE DIGESTED, THE GASTRIC CONTENTS BECOME MORE ____, WHICH AGAIN INHIBITS THE ____ (GASTRIN-SECRETING) CELLS. THIS ____ FEEDBACK MECHANISM HELPS MAINTAIN AN OPTIMAL pH FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF THE GASTRIC ENZYMES. |
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Definition
| ACIDIC, ENTEROENDOCRINE, NEGATIVE |
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Term
| EMOTIONAL UPSETS, FEAR, ANXIETY, OR OTHER STATES THAT TRIGGER SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY ____ GASTRIC SECRETION, BECAUSE (DURING SUCH TIMES) THE ____ DIVISION OVERRIDES ____ CONTROLS OF DIGESTION. |
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Definition
| INHIBIT, SYMPATHETIC, PARASYMPATHETIC |
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Term
| WHAT PHASE IS SET INTO MOTION WHEN PARTIALLY DIGESTED FOOD BEGINS TO FILL THE INITIAL PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE. |
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Definition
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Term
| THE INITIAL INTESTINAL FILLING ____ INTESTINAL MUCOSAL CELLS TO RELEASE A HORMONE THAT ____ THE GASTRIC GLANDS TO CONTINUE THEIR SECRETORY ACTIVITY. ALTHOUGH THE PRECISE NATURE OF THIS HORMONE IS NOT KNOWN, ITS EFFECTS MIRROR THOSE OF ____, AND IT HAS BEEN NAMED ____. |
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Definition
| STIMULATES, ENCOURAGES, GASTRIN, INTESTINAL (ENTERIC) GASTRIN |
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Term
| WHAT PHASE INVOLVES OTHER HORMONES OR REFLEX MECHANISMS OR BOTH, ACTING TO HASTEN DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH BEFORE STOMACH EMPTYING IS COMPLETED. |
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Definition
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Term
| ALTHOUGH THE PRESENCE OF FOOD IN THE SMALL INTESTINE ____ GASTRIC GLAND ACTIVITY DURING THE ____ PHASE WHEN THE STOMACH IS ALMOST EMPTIED, IT ____ GASTRIC SECRETION DURING THE ____ PHASE WHEN THE STOMACH CONTAINS FOOD AND ITS SECRETORY ACTIVITY IS BEING REGULATED BY ____ MECHANISMS. |
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Definition
| STIMULATES, INTESTINAL, INHIBITS, GASTRIC, GASTRIC PHASE |
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Term
| DURING THE GASTRIC PHASE, WHAT FACTORS TRIGGER THE ENTEROGASTRIC REFLEX? |
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Definition
| AS DISTENTION OF THE DUODENUM, LOW pH, PRESENCE OF PARTIALLY DIGESTED PROTEINS, HYPERTONIC OR HYPOTONIC FLUIDS, AND IRRITANTS |
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Term
| THE ENTEROGASTRIC REFLEX IS ACTUALLY A TRIO OF REFLEXES THAT ____, ____ AND ____ AND AS A RESULT, GASTRIC SECRETORY ACTIVITY DECLINES. |
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Definition
| INHIBITS THE VAGAL NUCLEI IN THE MEDULLA, INHIBITS LOCAL REFLEXES, ACTIVATES SYMPATHETIC FIBERS THAT CAUSE THE PYLORIC SPHINCTER TO TIGHTEN AND PREVENT FURTHER FOOD ENTRY INTO THE SMALL INTESTINE |
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Term
| THE FACTORS THAT TRIGGER THE ENTEROGASTRIC REFLEX ALSO TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF SEVERAL INTESTINAL HORMONES, INCLUDING ____, ____, AND ____. |
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Definition
SECRETIN, CHOLECYSTOKININ(CCK), AND
GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE (GIP) |
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Term
| WHICH HORMONES INHIBIT GASTRIC SECRETION DURING THE GASTRIC PHASE, WHEN THE STOMACH IS ACTIVELY SECRETING GASTRIN? |
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Definition
SECRETIN, CHOLECYSTOKININ(CCK), AND
GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE (GIP) |
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Term
| ALTHOUGH THE INTENSITY OF STOMACH PERISTALTIC WAVES CAN BE ENHANCED A GOOD DEAL, THE RATE OF THESE CONTRACTIONS IS ALWAYS AROUND ____ CONTRACTIONS PER MINUTE. |
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Definition
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Term
| IT APPEARS THAT THE STOMACH'S CONTRACTILE RHYTHM IS SET BY THE SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY OF ____ LOCATED WITHIN THE LONGITUDINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER IN THE STOMACH'S GREATER CURVATURE. |
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Definition
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Term
| T OR F: THE PACEMAKER CELLS DEPOLARIZE AND REPOLARIZE SPONTANEOUSLY THREE TIMES/MIN., ESTABLISHING THE SO-CALLED SLOW-WAVE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE STOMACH. |
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Definition
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Term
| SINCE THESE PACEMAKERS ARE CONNECTED TO THE REST OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE SHEET BY ____ (ELECTRICALLY COUPLED), THEIR "____" IS TRANSMITTED EFFICIENTLY AND QUICKLY TO ALL OF THE STOMACH MUSCULATURE. |
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Definition
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Term
| T OR F: THE PACEMAKERS SET THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CONTRACTION AND THEY INITIATE THE CONTRACTIONS. |
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Definition
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Term
| BASICALLY, THE PACEMAKERS GENERATE ____ DEPOLARIZATION WAVES, WHICH ARE THEN "IGNITED" BY ____ FACTORS. |
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Definition
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Term
| T OR F: FACTORS THAT MODULATE AND INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF STOMACH CONTRACTIONS ARE THE SAME FACTORS THAT ENHANCE GASTRIC SECRETORY ACTIVITY. |
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Definition
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Term
| DISTENTION OF THE STOMACH WALL ____ STRETCH RECEPTORS AND GASTRIN- SECRETING CELLS; THE ULTIMATE RESPONSE IN EACH CASE IS ____ GASTRIC MOTILITY. |
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Definition
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Term
| ACTIVATION OF THE STRETCH RECEPTORS TRIGGERS BOTH LOCAL AND VAGOVAGAL REFLEXES, THAT, VIA ____ RELEASE, INTENSIFY THE STRENGTH OF PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS AND ELICIT ____ RELEASE. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO GASTRIN AFTER IT ENTERS THE BLOOD? |
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Definition
| EVENTUALLY IT RECIRCULATES TO THE STOMACH, WHERE IT STIMULATES GASTRIC SMOOTH MUSCLE. THUS, THE MORE FOOD THERE IS IN THE STOMACH, THE MORE VIGOROUS THE STOMACH MIXING AND EMPTYING MOVEMENTS WILL BE, WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS |
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Term
| THE STOMACH USUALLY EMPTIES COMPLETELY WITHIN ____ HOURS AFTER A MEAL. |
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Definition
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Term
| THE MORE LIQUEFIED ITS CONTAINED FOOD, THE ____ THE STOMACH EMPTIES. ____ PASS THROUGH THE STOMACH VERY QUICKLY; ____ REMAIN UNTIL THEY ARE WELL MIXED WITH GASTRIC JUICE AND CONVERTED TO THE ____ STATE. |
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Definition
| FASTER, FLUIDS, SOLIDS, LIQUID |
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Term
| THE RATE OF GASTRIC EMPTYING DEPENDS AS MUCH, AND PERHAPS MORE ON WHAT? |
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Definition
| THE CONTENTS OF THE DUODENUM AS ON THE STATE OF FOOD DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH |
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Term
| THE ____ AND ____ ACT IN TANDEM AND CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A "____" THAT FUNCTIONS AT LESS THAN FULL CAPACITY. |
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Definition
| STOMACH, DUODENUM, COUPLED METER |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS AS CHYME ENTERS THE DUODENUM? |
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Definition
| RECEPTORS IN ITS WALL RESPOND TO CHEMICAL SIGNALS AND TO STRETCH, INITIATING THE ENTEROGASTRIC REFLEX AND THE HORMONE MECHANISMS |
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Term
| HOW DO THE HORMONAL MECHANISMS PREVENT FURTHER DUODENAL FILLING? |
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Definition
BY INHIBITING GASTRIC SECRETORY ACTIVITY AND BY REDUCING THE VIGOR OF
PYLORIC CONTRACTIONS |
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Term
| AS A RULE, A MEAL RICH IN ____ MOVES THROUGH THE DUODENUM RAPIDLY, BUT ____ FORM AN OILY LAYER AT THE TOP OF THE CHYME AND ARE DIGESTED MORE ____ BY INTESTINAL ENZYMES. |
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Definition
| CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, SLOWLY |
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Term
| WHEN CHYME ENTERING THE DUODENUM IS HIGH IN FATS, FOOD MAY REMAIN IN THE STOMACH FOR AS LONG AS ____ HOURS OR MORE BEFORE GASTRIC EMPTYING IS COMPLETED. |
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Definition
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Term
| THE PRESENCE OF FATS ELICITS THE RELEASE OF AN INTESTINAL HORMONE CALLED ____, WHICH, LIKE ____ ELICITED BY LOW pH, ALSO ____ GASTRIC MOTILITY. |
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Definition
| ENTEROGASTRONE, SECRETIN, INHIBITS |
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Term
| AFTER ONE EATS AN ORDINARY, BALANCED MEAL, THE VOLUME OF THE STOMACH CONTENTS ____ DURING THE 1st HOUR. THIS ____ IMPLY THAT GASTRIC EMPTYING IS DELAYED; IN FACT, THE RATE OF EMPTYING IS ____ SHORTLY AFTER EATING A MEAL. HOWEVER, THE VOLUME OF FOOD BEING EMPTIED IS COUNTERBALANCED BY THE VOLUME OF ____ SPEWED OUT (SECRETED) DURING THAT TIME. |
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Definition
| REMAIN THE SAME, DOES NOT, MAXIMAL, GASTRIC SECRETIONS |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN UNPLEASANT EXPERIENCE THAT CAUSES REFLEX STOMACH EMPTYING BY A DIFFERENT ROUTE AND IS USUALLY INITIATED BY EXTREME STRETCHING OF THE STOMACH OR INTESTINE OR BY THE PRESENCE OF IRRITANTS SUCH AS BACTERIAL TOXINS, EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL, SPICY FOODS, AND CERTAIN DRUGS IN THOSE ORGANS. |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT PROCESSES OCCUR DURING VOMITING? |
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Definition
1. SENSORY IMPULSES FROM THE IRRITATED SITES REACH THE EMETIC CENTER OF THE MEDULLA AND INITIATE A NUMBER OF MOTOR RESPONSES
2. THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL AND DIAPHRAGM CONTRACT AND INCREASE THE INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE
3. SMOOTH MUSCLES OF THE GI TRACT CONTRACT FORCIBLY
4. THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER RELAXES, AND THE SOFT PALATE RISES TO CLOSE OFF THE NASAL PASSAGES
5. THE DUODENAL AND STOMACH CONTENTS ARE FORCED UPWARD THROUGH THE ESOPHAGUS AND PHARYNX AND OUT THE MOUTH |
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