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Definition
* 4% of total body weight
* Help regulate bodily functions (like vitamins)
* Do NOT provide energy. |
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Term
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Definition
* Calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur and chloride.
* More than 5 g (1 tsp) present in body.
* Intake requirement: 100 mg or less daily. |
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Term
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Definition
| * Secreted by parathyroid gland (behind thyroid) when calcium level is low. |
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Term
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Definition
| * Secreted by thyroid gland when serum calcium level is too high. |
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Term
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Definition
Animal sources: milk and milk products.
Plant sources: turnip/mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, legumes & dried fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
* 3rd most common cause of hypercalcemia.
* Associated with use of milk/cream antacids and postmenopausal women on calcium carbonate to prevent osteoporosis. |
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Term
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Definition
* 70% sodium in body is blood/extracellular
* 30% on surface of bone crystals
*Major role in maintaining fluid balance in body.
* Also necessary for transmission of electrical impulses along nerve/muscle membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
* Also helps in fluid balance, essentially for conduction of nerve impulses & muscle contractions (heart).
* Helps maintain body's electrolytes & acid-base balance.
* Normal value: 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the body excretes hydrogen and retains sodium. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the body excretes potassium to conserve hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
* Low potassium, less than 3.5 mEq/L.
* Can be fatal.
* Caused by increased losses in urine/stool/sweat; alkalosis; overhydration with plain water (athletes).
* Weak, irregular pulse; cardiac arrest. |
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Term
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Definition
* Level of iron in blood.
* Men: 14 - 18 g/100 mL blood.
* Women: 12 - 16 g/100 mL blood. |
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Term
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Definition
* Percentage of red blood cells in blood.
* Men: 40 - 54%
* Women: 36 - 46% |
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Term
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Definition
| Surplus iron stored in liver. |
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Term
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Definition
*When large amounts of hemosiderin are deposited in liver & spleen.
* If prolonged, can lead to hemochromatosis (disease of iron metabolism when iron accumulates in/damages tissues). |
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Term
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Definition
| * Thyroid gland contains 70-80% of total iodine in body. |
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Term
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Definition
* Secretes T4 and T4 in response to TSH.
* T3 and T4 increase the rate of oxidation in cells, thereby increasing the rate of metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlargement of thyroid gland, caused when thyroid does not receive sufficient iodine. |
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Term
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Definition
* Constitutes 65% of body water.
* Fluid inside cells. |
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Term
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Definition
* Constitutes 35% of body water.
* Fluid outside cells. |
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Term
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Definition
* Largest single constituent of body.
* Body's need for water is more urgent than any other nutrient.
* Muscle: 70% water.
* Fat: 30% water.
* Bone: 10% water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water (or another solvent) across a semipermeable membrane from an area with fewer particles to one with more particles. |
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Term
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Definition
* Potential of hydrogen.
* Measures acidity/alkalkinity.
* Acid: 0 - 6.999
* Neutral: 7
* Base (alkali): Greater than 7. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breaks down CO2 and H2O which are excreted by lungs and kidneys. |
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Term
| Water is a product of metabolism which yields about 1 cup/day in avg. person. |
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Definition
* 1 g carb produces 0.60 g water.
* 1 g fat produces 1.07 g water.
* 1 g protein produces 0.41 g water.
* 1 oz alcohol REQUIRES 8 oz water for metabolism.
* 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of water in salt & sweat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of body temperature regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of all physical & chemical changes that take place in body. Determines final use of nutrients & meds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary digestive function is production of bile (which breaks down dietary fats). |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentrates & stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical breaking down of food into smaller pieces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the splitting of complex molecules into simpler forms (saliva, pancreatic enzymes, intestinal juices). |
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Term
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Definition
* Carbs = monosaccharides
* Fats = glycerol, fatty acids & monoglycerides.
* Protein = amino acids and small peptides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two of the major pancreatic enzymes, have inactive precursors that are activated by other enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
* When the small intestine fails to absorb nutrients properly.
* Symptoms: Diarrhea, malabsorption, poor response to oral feedings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat in the stools (caused by malabsorption). |
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Term
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Definition
* Present in wheat, rye and barley.
* Celiac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy). |
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