Term
Uses of Images in Medicine
1: Detection and Diagnosis |
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Definition
- Is there a lump (detection) vs. is the lump cancer (diagnosis)
- Detection focuses on identifying the presence of an abnormality |
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Term
Uses of Images in Medicine
2. Assessment and Planning |
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Definition
- Progression of disease (such as cancer or CAD)
- Response to treatment
- Prognosis
- Examples:
+ Ultrasound in pregnancy -> how is the fetus doing
+ CT: approaches for surgery; 3-D volume renderings from CT & MRI data |
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Term
| Uses of Images in Medicine (all) |
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Definition
1: Detection and Diagnosis
2. Assessment and Planning
3. Guidance of Procedures
4. Visualizing images concurrently with textual reports and interpretations
5. Education |
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Term
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Definition
technique or device used to acquire a diagnostic image
Analog modalities
- -Plain films
- Fluoroscopy
- Angiography
- Ultrasound
Digital tomographic modalities
- CT
- MRI |
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Term
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Definition
Computerized tomography
(Greek tomos: section)
Series of X-rays in “slices” – like a loaf of bread |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Definition
- Measures body functions, such as blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose metabolism, to help doctors evaluate how well organs and tissues are functioning.
- Patient is given a radioactive substance that eventually accumulates in the organ being examined and emits gamma radiation. The radiation is detected by the PET scanner. |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
- Uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create images of organs and tissues.
- Unlike CT and standard X rays, does not use ionizing radiation or carry any risk of causing cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
- Uses high-frequency sound (not light) waves to produce images
- Can show structure and movement of internal organs, as well as blood flowing through blood vessels
- Conventional ultrasound displays images in slices |
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Term
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Definition
| the procedure the physician requested (e.g. CT of the brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| one study may have multiple images (a series of images) |
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Term
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Definition
how is the image made and acquired?
- Digital camera (pathology)
- Diagnostic imaging department (X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| – how is the image stored, cataloged, and retrieved? Storage requirements? |
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Term
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Definition
| – how can the image be enhanced, colorized, annotated? |
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Term
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Definition
| – how can we combine multiple types of images for better understanding? |
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Term
| PACS - Picture Archiving and Communication Systems |
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Definition
Electronic picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) provide: (Remember where images stored and where they live)
- storage
- rapid retrieval of images
- access to images acquired with multiple modalities
- simultaneous access at multiple sites. Input to a PACS may come from digital or analog sources (when the latter have been digitized). |
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Term
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Definition
- Image compression –storage requirements
- Diagnostic-quality workstations - regulated by FDA |
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Term
| DICOM - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine standard |
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Definition
- Specifies a nonproprietary data interchange protocol, digital image format, and file structure for biomedical images and image-related information.
- Is a complete specification of the elements required to achieve a practical level of automatic interoperability between biomedical imaging computer systems—from application layer to bit-stream encoding.
- A standard for handling, storing, printing, and transmitting information in medical imaging.
- Developed by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) along with the American College of Radiology (ACR)
- Covers most medical image formats |
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Term
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Definition
- Handles patient demographics (name, date of birth, address, etc.)
- Handles clinical data (patient history, etc.)
- Procedure and examination data (mammogram data, CT data, radiology data) |
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Term
| A single DICOM file contains: |
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Definition
- A header (which stores information about the patient's name, the type of scan, image dimensions, etc)
- Image data (.bmp, .jpg, etc) |
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Term
| DICOM addresses five general application areas: |
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Definition
1. network image management
2. network image interpretation management
3. network print management
4. imaging procedure management
5. off-line storage media management |
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Term
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Definition
If we have HL7 why do we need DICOM?
- The HL7 Standard specifies a message model, but provides only an abbreviated specification for network communications.
- DICOM specifies information content, structure, encoding, and communications protocols for electronic interchange of diagnostic and therapeutic images and image-related information. |
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