Term
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Definition
3 major lineages
most diverse amniote group |
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Term
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Definition
archosaurs
lepidosaurs
amphisbaenians |
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Term
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Definition
| two holes behind the eye socket |
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Term
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Definition
mode of living: burrowing (fossorial) invertebrate predators
found in forested tropics of south america and asia |
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Term
| Amphisbaenian characteristics |
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Definition
limbless
segmented body ribbing
narrow, reduced skulls
extremely reduced sense (eyes, ears)
reduced lungs (right lung suppressed) |
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Term
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Definition
2 groups
slit-like cloacas
ecdysis (=skin shedding)
determinate growth (shared with synapsids - convergence) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ancient group
single living genus (Sphenodon) (New Zealand only)
in most respects resemble conservative lepidosaurs
unique form of tooth attachment: acrodonty |
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Term
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Definition
tooth type of most animals
attached in indention |
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Term
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Definition
tooth type of squamates
on a ledge attached on one side |
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Term
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Definition
Tuatara teeth
seen generally in insectivores
no tooth replacement
completely fused: no tooth socket |
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Term
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Definition
lizards and snakes
lose either one or both post-orbital bars that define the fenestrae
laterally flaring flexible ribs = mobile (no sternum)
pleurodont dentition
males: forked penises (cloacal extensions) = hemipenes |
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Term
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Definition
defintion on basis of primitive squamate features
highly diverse group with world-wide distribution
go back to at least the early Jurassic
lose lower bar of fenestrae |
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Term
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Definition
Iguanidae
Chameleonidae
Polychrotidae
Gekkonoidea
Varanidae |
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Term
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Definition
true iguanas
primarily new world distribution
all herbivores
peculiar spatulate teeth
only truly marine living lizard |
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Term
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Definition
true chameleons
paleotropical distribution
insect specialists
host of special features
prehensile tails (dont break off and regrow)
dorsal eyes with independent movement
highly protrusible tongues with sticky saliva
digits reduced (improves grip on branches) |
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Term
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Definition
anoles
distribution: neotropics, very warm temperatures of eastern north america
highly specialized courtship pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| gular flaps of male raised and lowered to attract females |
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Term
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Definition
highly diverse
multiple families
highly specialized for climbing (mostly have enlarged toe pads)
all but one family lack eyelids
pan-global in warm climates |
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Term
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Definition
moniter lizards
paleotropics and australia
hunt and search predators
highly efficient heart, lungs, senses (vomeronasal = Jacobson's organ)
forked tongues
includes komoto dragon |
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Term
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Definition
functionally limbless
hyper kinetic skulls
lack functional necks
specialized lungs
forked tongue with hyper developed Jacobsin's organ |
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Term
| Snake hyper kinetic skull |
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Definition
upper temporal bar is lost
joints between skull bones become lose, bound by really long ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
suppressed right lung
faveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| vascularized ridges that line sauropsid lungs and extend into the lung space |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 modes are axial undulation and rib walking |
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Term
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Definition
sigmoidal undulation
contact for movement is created through belly scales |
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Term
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Definition
only done in tunnels
very slow |
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Term
| Snake Dentition and Swallowing |
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Definition
long backward-oriented marginal teeth
mobile pterygoid bones with teeth (pterygoid walk) |
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Term
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Definition
booids
colubroids
viperoids |
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Term
| 4 major snake tooth types |
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Definition
aglyphous
opisthoglyphous
proteroglyphous
solenoglyphouse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| short, anterior, unhinged (fully hollow) fangs |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior strongly hinged fangs |
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Term
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Definition
2 families
primitive (retain vestigal pelvic elements in come cases)
low metabolic rate (eat less frequently)
specialized for eating large prey (all constrictors) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
peleotropics and australia
all egg-layers
pterospheno: largest snake ever (marine) |
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Term
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Definition
neotropical
all live-bearers |
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Term
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Definition
primarily constrictors (lots of variation)
found world-wide
most diverse of all snakes
most common
some are weakly poisonous (opistholgyphous)
round pupils
heads that marge indistinctly with the neck |
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Term
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Definition
derived from colubrids
most diverse of poisonous snakes
merged head and neck
all poisonous
proterogylphous
toxin = neurotoxin
tend to specialize in hunting ectotherm tetrapods
mainly paleotropic and australia in distribution (only new world member = coral snake)
selected members: kraits, mambas, cobras, death adders, all sea snakes |
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Term
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Definition
all solenoglyphous
toxins = potent proteases (break down proteins)
wide head distinct from neck |
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Term
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Definition
completely divided, 4 chambered heart (convergent with mammals)
hindlimbs longer than forelimbs
antorbital skull opening (antorbital fenestrae) (hole in front of eye socket) (lost in crododilians)
thecodont dentition |
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Term
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Definition
crocodilians
dinosaurs (including avialeans)
extinct lineages |
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Term
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Definition
well developed secondary palate
nareal opens on anterior skull margin
strongly dorso-ventrally flattened skulls
heavily developed dorsal armor composed of osteoderms
sprawled posture (use facultative parasagillal posture too) |
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Term
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Definition
Crocodilidae
Alligatoridae
Gavialidae |
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Term
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Definition
true crocodiles
found throughout the very warm temperate-tropical world
skulls elongated, moderately slender (anterior notch on the skull margin)
tapered head
moderately slender teeth
at least 2 subgroups (subfamilies) |
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Term
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Definition
crocodilines
tomistomines (false ghavials) |
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Term
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Definition
alligators and caimens
broad modestly tapered skulls with rounded snouts
teeth not exposed (no jaw notches)
teeth subisodont
2 groups |
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Term
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Definition
teeth are not uniformly shaped: variation of heterodonty
front teeth: long, moderately sharp
back teeth: short, blunt (specialized for crushing) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
all extant forms belong to genus alligator
2 species |
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Term
| 2 species of Alligatorines |
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Definition
A.mississippiensis (SE US)
A.sinensis (China) |
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Term
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Definition
distribution: Amazon basin, central America
2 genera
shortened skulls
significantly smaller than A.mississippiensis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
gharials, gavials
extremely slender jaws, long sharp slender teeth
hind feet webbed, hingd limbs enlarged (clumsy on land)
males: enlarged nostril = gara
only one species
near-mountain rivers throughout south asia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sometimes called avialeans, avian dinosaurs
no reasonable doubt that they evolved from theropod dinosaurs
primitive feathers
Archeopteryx |
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Term
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Definition
ancient in dinosaurs
respiratory features = air sacs (stored in bone hollow spaces: also found in some theropod dinosaurs)
furculum |
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Term
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Definition
fused clavicles joined over the sternum
functions as a spring during the flight motion
found in some theropods |
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Term
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Definition
presumed to be the most primitive bird
known from late jurassic sediments in germany
flight feathers
exposed fingers with claws
long tail
theropod teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| all birds outside of archeopteryx |
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Term
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Definition
fused hip and rib cage structure
enlarged ventral protrusion on the sternum
power muscles of the wing are highly modified (should muscles moved to sternum) connecting to the humerous through a shoulder hole |
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Term
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Definition
| fused hip and rib cage structure |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged ventral protrusion on the sternum |
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Term
| 2 major pygostylain groups |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all birds that retain teeth |
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Term
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Definition
toothless birds (all living birds)
2 major groups |
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Term
| 2 major groups of Ornithurae |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
all except tinamus are flightless
all possess unique palate configuration (juvenile feature)
all found on southern continents |
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Term
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Definition
tinamus
ostriches
cassawaries
emus
rhues
kiwis |
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Term
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Definition
retain flight
small, ground-living birds
south america only |
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Term
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Definition
ostriches
africa and parts of arabia peninsula
large flightless birds |
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Term
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Definition
australian, asia = australasia
heads have helmet-lile crests |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
kiwis
new zealand
wingless
feathers hair like |
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Term
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Definition
Gallanserae
Ardeiformes
Pelicaniformes
Passeriformes
Strygiformes
Piciformes
Sphenisciformes
Psittaciformes
Accipitriformes |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 orders: Galliformes, Anseriformes |
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Term
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Definition
true fowl
worldwide distribution
specialized for a terrestrial existence, with flight only in powered bursts |
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Term
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Definition
ducks, gease, swans
worldwide distribution |
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Term
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Definition
herons and flamingos
long legs (most wading species)
world wide distribution
specialized flexible necks |
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Term
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Definition
Phoenicopteridae
use unique beaks to strain for invertebrates
pink because they love to eat shrimp |
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Term
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Definition
found worldwide, mostly around tropical to warm temperate coastlines
specialized in terms of pouches (used for specialized filter-feeding) |
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Term
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Definition
song birds/perching birds
most diverse amniote group
distribution world wide except antarctica
reversed tow for perching
singing used with courtship |
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Term
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Definition
owls
worldwide
sometimes called raptors improperly
nocturnal
outstanding hearing, night vision
ultra-soft flight feathers for silence when hunting
specialized cranio-cervical joint |
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Term
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Definition
woodpeckers and sapsuckers
worldwide
specialized for using bills to knock holes in wood
long barbed tongue that roll into a throat pouch
modified brain-supporting connective tissues that act as safety net/shock absorbers for the brain
zygodatlyl toes |
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Term
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Definition
penguins
found throughout southern hemisphere
solid bones (restricted air sacs)
lack flight feathers
huge flight muscles
hugely specialized for diving |
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Term
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Definition
parrots, budgies, cockatus/cockatials, love birds, lories
primarily gonwanan, absent in india, show some presence in north america
all social, vocal (not for courtship)
mainly prefer dense habitats
extremely intelligent
frugivores (fruits and seeds) |
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Term
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Definition
hawks, falcons, eagles, osprey, kites, old world vultures)
worldwide
specialized as high speed diving predators
stiff slender flight feathers
extremely acute vision
razor-sharp bills
specialized members: snail kite (eats invertebrates) and osprey (fish-specialist) |
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