Term
| What kind of writing system does the Chinese language use? How are the names "Ward" "Spofford" and "Warford" related to the way that the Chinese writing works and to mechanisms used for getting around the ingerent weakness of the Chinese writing system? |
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Definition
| Logograms. To convert from idea depiction of logograms to phonetics required by meaningless names, they had to find sounds for "war" "spoff" and "ford" from amoung the Chinese logogram characters. |
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Term
| Identify the twelve crops that consitute 80% of global crop production in the 21st century |
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Definition
Banana, Barley, Corn, Manioc, Potatoe, Sweet Potato, Rice, Sorgum, Soybean, Sugar beet, Sugar cane, Wheat of all varieties |
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Term
| Identify the eight "founder crops" of the Fertile Crescent |
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Definition
| Barley, Bitter vetch, Chickpea, Einkorn wheat, Emmer wheat, Flax, Lentil, Pea |
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Term
| Identify the four "founder crops" of the Eastern Agriculutural Complex in North America |
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Definition
| Eastern squash, Goosefoot, Sumpweed, Sunflower |
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Term
| Identify and differentiate between the "proximate causes" and the "ultimate causes" of European dominance over societies on other continents during the Age of Exploration, as discussed by Jared Diamond. |
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Definition
Proximate Causes: Guns, germs, steel, horses, ocean-going ships, political organizations, writing.
Ultimate Causes: East-West Axis, Many suitable wild species, Ease of species spreading, Many domesticated plants & animals, Developed food surpluses, Large dense sedentary stratified societies |
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Term
| In 1978-79, Uganda was liberated by the Tanzanian army from eight years of despotic rule by what dictator? The Work Bank staff member sent in to put together an industrial rehabilitation loan was surprised to hear that priority should be given to the factory producing which specific product? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give three reasons why sedentary agriculture based on a full suite of domesticable plants "all came together first in the Fertile Crescent": |
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Definition
| Beacuse... the "local area" was large, it was diverse in terms of elevations, it had "Mediterranean Climate", meaning distinct growing verses dormant seasons. Many abundant species there; large percentage of self-pollinating species. |
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Term
| To become fully agricultual, a society needs a "full suite" of products from farming. List the four categories of human needs that must be met as part of this "full suite". |
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Definition
-Carbs and sugar (cereals, tubers(
-Protein ( pulses of herbivorous/omnivorous animals they could rear to eat)
-Fats/Oils (seed oils or animal fat)
-Fibers for clothing (flax, cotton) |
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Term
| There were only four independent origins of written language. Name the four civilizations in which writing originated. |
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Definition
| Sumerian;Mexican Indians; Eqyptians; Chinese |
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Term
| Written language takes three basic forms. Name and describe these forms of writing. |
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Definition
| Whole word (idea depection or logograms, pictograms, ideographic); Whole syllable (syllabaries); Single word (phoneme) alphabet |
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Term
| Name two of the crops traceable to New Guinea/South Pacific/ East Asia |
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Definition
| Sugar cane, yams, taro, banana |
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Term
Match tradiditonal regional diets with their respective regions shown.
1. Rice/beans
2. Couscous/chickpeas
3.Millet/cowpeas
4.Corn/beans |
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Definition
1. Rice/beans- LATIN AMERICA
2. Couscous/chickpeas-MIDDLE EAST
3.Millet/cowpeas-AFRICA
4.Corn/beans- MEXICO |
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Term
| Either quote of paraphrase the "Anna Karenina Principle" |
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Definition
| "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way"-Tolstoy. This principle applies to domestication of animals. Domesticated animals have common characteristcs; Non-domesticated animals have one or mre unique characteristic that prevents domestication. |
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Term
Briefly describe the six animal characteristics that explain whether a large animal is likely to be domesticable.
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Definition
1.Herbivorous or omnivorous diet- not a carnivore
2. Growth rate (mature rapidly)
3. Must breed in captivity (not shy)
4. No nasty dispostion/personality (must be friendly/tolerant of peers & humans)
5. Cannot be panic prone (don't bolt and run, no fence jumpers)
6. Socal animal (Instinct to herd, follow leader, imprint on humans) |
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Term
| Name three of the six things that "printing" needed before a successful printing press could be invented. Thus, it probably wasn't feasible to invent a usable press before Gutenberg did so in the 1400s. |
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Definition
Paper-China
Moveable type-China
Metallurgy- copper-bronze-iron ages
Presses- winemaking and olive oil extraction technologies
Ink- oil based improvement on existing inks
Scripts- developmetn fo Roman alphabet |
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Term
Name 2 inventions- one from the island of Crete and the other from Central America- that did not result in widespread local use because their contemporary environments (unlike that of Gutenberg's press) lacked the requiste complementary factors.
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Definition
Phiastos Disk (Crete)
Wheel (Central America) |
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Term
| Name four forms of societal organization discussed by Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs, and Steel and give two important distinguishing characteristics of each. |
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Definition
BAND: Generally fewer than 80 individuals. Usually extended families; Generally nomadic; All humans organized this way > 40,000 years ago: Common H-G form of society.
TRIBES: Hundreds of peopl; Usually settled in many villages; Have shared languafe and culture; More than on clan (kinship group); Land belongs to clan within a tribe; Everyone knows everyone else by name and relationship; Villages are connected by multiple ties of kinship.
CHIEFDOM: several thousands to tens of thousands; Most people unrelated to others; People don't know most others by name; For first time in history, people learned to encounter strangers without trying to kill them; Had a Chief with recognizable, hereditary officel; Chief held monopoly on right to use force; Chief wore distinguishing clothes and demanded respect; Chief was thought of as a god, or had a hotline to the gods.
STATE: Populations of 50,000 to 1 billion+; Usually literate elites; sometimes literate population |
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Term
| Name the 'five major farm animals" that are found throughouth the world. Put in parentheses besides each farm animal the wild species from which it is descended. |
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Definition
Sheep (mouflon sheep) of W. & Central Asia
Goat (bezoar goat) of W. Asia
Cow, alias ox or cattle (aurochs) of Eurasia & N.Africa
Pig (wild boar) of Eurasia & N.America
Horse (wild horses of Southern Russia) |
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Term
Name the four of the nine minor farm animals", many of which are "major" withthin their own region.
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Definition
| Arabian camel, bacterian camel, llama and/or alpaca, donkey, reindeer, water buffalo, yak, bali cattle, mithan (cattle) |
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Term
| Name and briefly descrive three different forms of writing used in Japan |
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Definition
Kanji, ideographs from Chinese characters.
Hiragana, a set of symbols that approximate syllables that make up words
Katakana, another syllabary used for foreign borrowings and other sounds.
Romaji, Roman script used by foreign students and for computer input |
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Term
Match each disease the with animal which it came from
1. Measles
2. Tuberculosis
3. Smallpox
4. Flu
5. Falciparum malaria
6. Turf toe |
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Definition
1. Measles- Cattle
2. Tuberculosis- Cattle
3. Smallpox- Cattle
4. Flu- Birds, pigs
5. Falciparum malaria- Birds
6. Turf toe- None of these |
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Term
True or false
The disease resulting in the black death was transmitted to humans by fleas carried primarily on cattle
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Definition
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Term
T or F
One form of the plague can be transmitted by one human sneezing on another |
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Definition
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Term
| A flu pandemic killed millions of people worldwide following World War I struck Clemson Univeristy and is commemorated by a brass plaque on campus thanking the women of the town who nursed memebers of the Corps of Cadets back to health |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
The available evidence indicates that the first animal to be domesticated on a large scale was the horse |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
Technology tends to develop cumulatively rather than in heroic acts of singular genises |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
A chiefdom is a redistributive economy in which the chief receives food from everyone, throws a feast, takes some for himself and stores some. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
A charateristic of bands compared to states is that bands rely more heavily upon "formal institutions" than states normally do |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
In a chiefdom, one of the uses of religion is to motivate warriors to give up their own life for the group. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
The Latin alphabet had no "J" in it during the time of Julius Caesar |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
The Phoenecians created the first alphabet by taking the ideographic writing system of the SUmerians and eliminating everything except 22 consonants |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how the East-West axis of the Eurasian mega-continent was a primary factor in the Spaniard's technological advantage over the Aztecs and the Incas. |
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Definition
| East-West axis (rather than N-S axis) mean that climate was same over large areas. Thus, (superior) crops and animals domesticated in one place could spread by "pre-emptive domestication" to other places. Also, it allowed for large expanse of "Meditarranena Climate" which was conducive to emergence & spread of large numbers of "annuals" which produce edible seeds which could be reproduced easily in domestication. The easy development and easy spread of crops and livestock meant that peoples of Europe had access to agricultural innovations spread across thousands of miles of terrain. Thus, agriculture developed first in Eurasia, and it spread fastest there. This allowed sedentary lifestyle required for "accumulation" to develop first in Eurasia. |
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Term
Which traits did humans select when domesticating plants
Non observable plant characteristics affecting domestication? |
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Definition
Size
Taste
Oil
Fiber in length
1. seed dispesal traits
2.timing of germination
3. plant reproduction process |
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Term
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Definition
- An EPIDEMIC occurs when a disease affects a greater number of people than is usual to the locality or one that spreads to areas not usually associated with the disease
- A PANDEMIC is an epidemic of world-wide proportions |
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Term
Disease spreading strategies
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Definition
Sneezing/coughing
Diarrhea
Leisons |
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Term
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Definition
1. Bubonic plage (lymph glands)
2.Septicemia plague (infection of the blood)
3. Pneumonic plague ( infection of the lungs) |
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Term
Formal vs Informal institutions
Formal to informal instutions |
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Definition
-Formal instiutions: contracts, incentives, government or religious authority
-Informal instutions: norms, routines, morals, beliefs & values
1. First came family-defined rules of behavior
2. Then came religion-defined rules of behavior
3. Finally came government defined rules of behavior
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