Term
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Definition
| Cost: $242; The critical diagnoses of aneurysm, infection, obstruction and tumor with significant mass effect must be reported immediately to clinician. |
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Term
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Definition
| are electrically charged ions that help move nutrients into and wastes out of the body’s cells, maintaining a healthy water balance. |
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Definition
| takes 3o minutes to 1 hour. done under a combination of local anesthetic and in some cases a sedative to alleviate anxiety. NPO for 4 hours prior to the procedure and all anticoagulants should be stopped. positioned appropriately on a radiolucent table. A tourniquet may be applied if the desired vein is in an extremity. The vein will be located and a small amount of normal saline will be injected into the vein via IV. Next the contrast dye will be injected slowly over a 2 to 4 minute period under fluoroscopy. |
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Term
| 24 Hour Holter Monitor Definition: |
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Definition
| a Portable device worn for 24-48 hours that is used to evaluate and monitor a patient’s electrical cardiac activity that occurs during normal daily activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perform an arterial puncture and collect specimen in air-free heparinized syringe; fill collection container fully so there is no air present. Apply pressure dressing to puncture site. Prepare sample by gently rolling collection container so that it mixes with heparin; place in protective plastic bag, then place bag into ice slurry; transport promptly to laboratory for analysis.(blood metablolizes) |
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Term
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Definition
| $34 - $108. Because the ABG gives information relative to the levels of various gases in the blood, it is useful in determining acid-base imbalances (as well as type of acid-base imbalance and what the body is doing to compensate), as well as respiratory conditions including asthma, COPD and respiratory failure (all of which would have an impact on the levels of gases present in the blood). |
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Term
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Definition
| is a procedure used to diagnose fetal defects in the early second trimester of pregnancy. A sample of amniotic fluid is collected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tests on fetal cells found in the amniotic fluid can reveal the presence of many types of genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| cost is $1500. A full bladder assists in raising the uterus up to provide better visualization during the ultrasound. |
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Term
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Definition
| generally performed during the 14th-16th week. An invasive procedure. Inserts a small 22 gauge needle into amniotic sac and withdraws 1 oz. of amniotic fluid. Ultrasound guides the needle, minimizing the risk of fetal injury. fetal cells are isolated and grown in order to provide enough genetic material for testing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maternal/fetal hemorrhaging, infection, fetal injury, and miscarriage. The rate of miscarriage for this second trimester procedure is approximately 0.5%. |
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Term
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Definition
| This test uses a combination of contrast dye and x-ray, injected via catheter into an artery to check for patency or irregularity in normal structure of blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins and the heart chambers. This is traditionally done by injecting a radio-opaque contrast agent into the blood vessel and imaging using X-ray based techniques such as fluoroscopy. |
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Term
| Angiography is used to help detect: |
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Definition
| atherosclerosis, aneurysm, embolus or thrombus, and inflammatory conditions. |
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Term
| Angiography/Nursing Considerations: |
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Definition
| check for allergies to iodine, seafood or contrast dyes. A baseline set of vitals should also be obtained. explain that the test should not cause pain but may contain moments of discomfort. During the procedure, the nurse should monitor vital signs and assess for vasovagal reaction which is sometimes common during angiography. The nurse should check for peripheral pulses and continue to monitor vital signs. If edema occurs at the injection site, the nurse and see if any pain medication or ice is ordered to help alleviate discomfort. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes approximately 1 to 2 hours and is usually preformed under a combination of local anesthetic, applied to the incisional site, and mild sedatives or narcotics may be given to help ease anxiety or pain. NPO for 8-12 hours prior to the procedure and all anticoagulants should be stopped. The patient will be supine on an x-ray compatible table and IV access should be established prior to beginning so that emergency drugs can be administered should they be required. |
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Term
| Arterial Blood Gases test: |
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Definition
| Arterial blood gases are drawn and analyzed to assess oxygenation and acid base balance. Whole blood is drawn via ARTERIAL puncture; |
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Term
| Arthrogram or Arthroscopy |
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Definition
| is a test using X-ray and a contrast material (such as a dye, water, air, or a combination of these) to take pictures of a joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| costs approximately $3700. NPO for 6 to 8 hr prior to procedure, Meniscus removal, spur removal, and ligamentous repair are some of the surgical procedures that can be performed. This procedure is most commonly performed to diagnose athletic injuries and acute or chronic joint disorders. Because it allows direct visualization, degenerative processes can be accurately differentiated from injuries. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| which measures the urea nitrogen content in blood. Kidney failure results into high BUN levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree. |
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Term
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Definition
| cost approximately $2000. After procedure assess patient’s ability to swallow and inform them that they may experience a sore throat and hoarseness. Treat with lozenges and warm gargles after gag reflex returns. |
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Term
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Definition
| An IV line is inserted to allow infusion of IV fluids, antibiotics, anesthetics, and analgesics. During this procedure a lightly lubricated bronchoscope is inserted orally and passed through the glottis. After inspection, the bronchial brush, biopsy forceps, or other devices are introduced to obtain specimens for cytological or microbiological study or for therapeutic procedures. The bronchoscope is then removed and post-procedure care can be given. |
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Term
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Definition
| fast and restrict fluids for 8 hr prior to procedure and avoid taking or reduce dosage of anticoagulant medication.Record baseline vital signs and continue to monitor throughout the procedure. |
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Term
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Definition
Cost $25- $50, some factors that affect the results: A tube less than ¾ full of blood. Clotted or hemolyzed specimens.
Elevated glucose or sodium level may produce elevated levels.
Recent transfusion history.
Certain medications may interfere with the with some of the blood levels being tested |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Complete Blood Cell Count: |
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Definition
| Test for high/low levels of RBCs, WBCs and platelets. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is produced from creatine, a molecule of major importance for energy production in muscles. Approximately 2% of the body's creatine is converted to creatinine every day. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and dispose of it in the urine. |
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Term
| Culture & Sensitivity of Blood or Urine |
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Definition
| to identify pathogenic bacterial organisms in the blood as an indicator for appropriate therapeutic interventions for sepsis. Urine Culture is a test to identify and isolate pathogenic microorganisms in the urine – bacteriuria – which may cause urinary tract infections. |
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Term
| Culture & Sensitivity of Blood or Urine/notes: |
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Definition
| Cost: $45-66; a blood culture may take up to 72 hours for the full results. You should educate your patient about the clean catch technique.Furthermore, any test results may be affected by use of diuretics, large amounts of vitamin C and/or taking antibiotics. |
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Term
| Doppler ultrasound monitor |
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Definition
| a non-invasive method to locate blood vessels, monitor a weak pulse, assess vessel patency, or take systolic pressure readings. A transducer is placed on the skin over a pulse point and ultrasound signals are converted to an audible pulsing sound. |
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Term
| Doppler ultrasound monitor/ notes |
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Definition
| Cost: Average: $300-$400 bnormal results can be: abdominal aortic aneurysm, abscess, appendicitis, cholecystitis, gallstones, kidney stones, hydronephrosis, spleen enlargement,pancreatitis,masses/tumors, inflammation/infection, pregnancy. |
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Term
| ECG/For assessment and evaluation of: |
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Definition
| the extent of congenital heart disease, myocardial infarction or ischemia, function of heart valves and overall heart function, pace maker function and medication effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Obtain Vital signs including O2 sat. Assess pain level. Obtain a history of complaints to including cardiovascular history (ask if the patient has had a heart transplant or pacemaker). Obtain a history of previous laboratory and/or diagnostic tests or surgeries. Obtain a list of the patients current medications (including herbs and nutritional supplements) Perform physical exam looking out for unstable signs, altered mental status, ongoing chest pain, hypotension (or other signs of shock), and heart rate of >150. |
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Term
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Definition
| Record baseline. patient in supine position. Prep with alcohol, shave. Apply electrodes in proper position Record any discomfort or pain of patient on EKG strip. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain death, injury, infection and brain bleeding, detects tumors, identifies focus and triggers of seizure disorder, evaluation and detection of seizure disorders, evaluate sleep apnea or narcolepsy, indicate changes in normal brain activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| varies greatly per duration. $100-$10K |
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Term
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Definition
| can take as little as 1 hour or up to 7 days depending on the indication for the exam. Examples: a sleep study could take all night long, a seizure study could take up to 7 days in a hospital room hooked up the EEG machine and cameras in the room to capture the location and exact pattern of seizures as they happen (called a video EEG). |
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Term
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG, ECG) 12 Lead: |
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Definition
| used to evaluate electrical cardiac impulses to diagnose arrhythmias, infections, blocks, enlargement, and damage of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a noninvasive ultrasound procedure that assists in diagnosing cardiovascular disorders with visualization of the size, shape, position, thickness and movement of heart structures. |
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Term
| Electroencephalography (EEG) is: |
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Definition
| the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a short period of time, usually 20–40 minutes, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cost: $250+; Is specific in evaluating symptoms of heart disease and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments for high blood pressure, heart failure, and liver and kidney disease. |
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Term
| Fasting glucose test prep: |
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Definition
| -no food for at least 12 hours before specimen collection |
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Term
| Fetal Monitoring/Procedure: |
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Definition
| External transducers on pt skin over conducting jelly. High frequency ultrasound waves are delivered, bounced back, displayed on a monitor. |
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Term
| Fetal Monitoring/details: |
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Definition
| can detect fetal heart rate, fetal breathing movements, fetal muscle tone, the presence and duration of uterine contractions, abnormalities, distress, and amniotic fluid volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| $600-$1,000. Fetal HR should be between 120-160 beats per minute. Abnormal results may INDICATE cord compression, fetal heart block, fetal malposition, fetal hypoxia, infection, Uteroplacental insufficiency. |
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Term
| Fetal monitoring/Cardiotocography: |
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Definition
| procedure used to visualize and assess the fetus in-utero and labor progression. |
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Term
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Definition
| an imaging technique commonly used by physicians to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope. In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and fluorescent screen between which a patient is placed. However, modern fluoroscopes couple the screen to an X-ray image intensifier and CCD video camera allowing the images to be recorded and played on a monitor. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the visualization of the interior of the stomach with a scope inserted through the oral cavity through the esophagus and into the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cost: $1500; NPO 6-8 hrs prior.Record baseline vital signs and continue to monitor throughout the procedure. After the procedure foods and liquids are withheld until the gag reflex returns (usually about 4 hours). Helpful in diagnosing: Esophagitis, gastritis, cancers of the esophagus or stomach, an upper GI bleed, hiatal hernia, trouble swallowing, h pylori, chronic heartburn or indigestion, obstruction (foreign body) extraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The patient is awake during the procedure, which is not painful but may be uncomfortable. A local anesthetic such as tetracaine may be sprayed or gargled prior to the procedure to reduce the gag reflex. During this procedure a lubricated gastroscope is inserted into the oral cavity and passed through the length of the esophagus into the stomach. After inspection, dilation or foreign body removal may be performed. Biopsy forceps or other devices may be used to obtain specimens for cytological or microbiological study for therapeutic procedures. |
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Term
| Glucose, BUN, Creatinine test: |
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Definition
| test checks for blood sugar level due to a defect in insulin production, insulin action or both. |
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Term
| Glycated hemoglobin (AIC)test: |
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Definition
| is carried out to monitor long-term control of Diabetes Mellitus. These levels go up when the diabetes is poorly controlled. |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells. It is normally about 45% for men and 40% for women. |
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Term
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Definition
| the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less than 6g/100ml "anemia" |
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Term
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Definition
| >18g/100ml may point to pulmonary fibrosis, bone marrow disease or congenital heart disease. Increases in pulmonary hypertension and thrombo-embolisms can also be an indication of high hemoglobin counts. |
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Term
| Holter Monitor/procedure: |
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Definition
Shave, clean skin with alcohol. Apply electropaste and apply electrodes.
Apply 2 negative electrodes on the upper part of the sternum one in the V1 position and one at the V5 position also place a ground electrode to the skin of the chest or abdomen. |
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Term
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Definition
nervousness,
sweating,
intense hunger,
trembling,
weakness,
palpitations, and
often have trouble speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| an X-ray test that examines the inside of uterus and fallopian tubes and the surrounding area using a contrast agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| kidneys, ureters, and bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Less than 50,000/mm3 or greater than 1,000,000/mm3 (1cc = 1000 mm3) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Normal Cholesterol levels |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal Glucose Fasting levels |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Male 5 million/ul
Female 4.5 million/ul |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Normal Values/ABG/Base Excess/Deficit – |
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Definition
-2 to +3 mEq/L (reflects # of anions available to help buffer PH)Results can be used to estimate carbonic acid level (3% of PC02)
Indications |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
male 13-18 g/100mL
female 12-16 g/100mL |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The condition of being open, expanded, or unobstructed.
2. The condition of showing detectable parasite infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| or thrombocytes are small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. |
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Term
| Serum Electrolytes test for: |
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Definition
| The balance of sodium, potassium, chloride, Ca, Phos, Mg |
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Term
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Definition
| PC=post comida get tested 2 hours after a meal containing certain carbohydrates; |
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Term
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Definition
| Cost: $63; can diagnose a genitourinary infection, such as a UTI, and the hydration level of the patient accurately. It can also indicate renal, liver, or kidney disease and diabetes, but they are not conclusive. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of tests that screen urine for infection, protein, blood, and other abnormal substances in the urine. |
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Term
| Venogram/Nursing Considerations: |
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Definition
| check for allergies to iodine, seafood or contrast dyes. A baseline set of vitals should be taken and the client should be informed that a slight burning sensation may be felt when the dye is injected. remain as still as possible during the procedure. watch for signs of allergic reaction and monitor vital signs. When the test is complete, check for peripheral pulses and observe the injection site for bleeding, hematoma or signs of irritation. continue to check for delayed allergic reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| is also referred to as phelbography is an x-ray test that involves the injection contrast dye into a vein to identify the structure and patency. A venogram can be done on the legs, pelvis, arms or the veins leading to the heart and kidneys. |
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Term
| Venograms are preformed to detect: |
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Definition
| deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), identify congenital venous abnormalities |
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Term
| Why is it important to check blood creatinine levels? |
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Definition
| The kidneys maintain the blood creatinine in a normal range. Creatinine has been found to be a fairly reliable indicator of kidney function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reflex of the involuntary nervous system that causes the heart to slow down (bradycardia) and that, at the same time, affects the nerves to the blood vessels in the legs permitting those vessels to dilate (widen). As a result the heart puts out less blood, the blood pressure drops, and what blood is circulating tends to go into the legs rather than to the head. The brain is deprived of oxygen and the fainting episode occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
The creatine kinase test measures the blood levels of certain muscle and brain enzyme proteins.
Purpose
Creatine kinase (CK or CPK) is an enzyme (a type of protein) found in muscle and brain. Normally, very little CK is found circulating in the blood. Elevated levels indicate damage to either muscle or brain; possibly from a myocardial infarction (heart attack), muscle disease, or stroke.
There are three types, or isoforms, of CK:
CK-I, or BB, is produced primarily by brain and smooth muscle.
CK-II, or MB, is produced primarily by heart muscle.
CK-III, or MM, is produced primarily by skeletal muscle. |
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