Term
where is insulin synthesized? |
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Definition
the beta islet cells in the pancreas |
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Term
what does the release of insulin normally depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the glucose transporters called? |
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Definition
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Term
because glucose is taken up into the beta cell there is an increase in_____ |
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Definition
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Term
What does high ATP do to the ATP-sensitive potassium channel? |
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Definition
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Term
increase in intracellular _____ cause insulin to be released |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
decrease blood glucose by inhibiting liver glucose production increase glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipose increase glucose uptake by the liver |
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Term
why did animal insulin cause a lot of problems when it was used to treat humans? |
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Definition
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Term
what sort of insulin is used to treat humans today? |
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Definition
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Term
what do insulin receptors do when activitated? |
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Definition
they can control gene expresion, growth regulation, glucose utilization, glycogen/lipid/protein synthesis. |
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Term
what transporter takes glucose into cells? |
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Definition
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Term
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
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Term
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
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Term
how does type 1 usually develop? |
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Definition
an autoantibody attacks the beta cells of the pancreas and kills them (usually) |
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Term
do type 2 diabetics make insulin? |
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Definition
yes- it may be the wrong type, their receptors may not work. many variables. They don't respond to what they have. |
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Term
diabetes that occurs in pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
for a diagnosis of diabetes random glucose > ______ fasting glucose >_______ plasma glucose > ______ |
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Definition
200mg/dl 126 mg/dl 200 mg/dl after oral glucose load |
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Term
what is the usual cutoff age for developing type1 |
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Definition
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Term
children as young as ___ are now developing type 2 |
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Definition
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Term
major risk factor for type 2 diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
regular (humulin, Novolin =human) lispro (humalog) aspart (novolog) glulysine |
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Definition
short onset/ short duration insulin |
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Term
neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) |
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Definition
intermediate duration insulin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is the side effect of insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
how long do short duration insulins take to work? how long do they last? |
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Definition
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Term
acute consequences of diabetes |
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Definition
hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, diabetic coma (caused by hypo or hyperglycemia) |
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Term
most common cause of blindness in people of working age |
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Definition
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Term
this effects up to 50% of men with long-standing diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
first choice of treatment for type 2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
these work to increase insulin release by blocking the K+ channels in islet cells and increase sensitivity to insulin |
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Definition
Sulfonylureas: glipizide/glyburide MOA |
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Term
these drugs close K+ channels in islet cells --> increase release of insulin |
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Definition
Repaglinide/ Nateglinide MOA |
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Term
this decreases glucose production by the liver and does not cause insulin release/ no hypoglycemia |
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Definition
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Term
what shouldn't you give metformin with? |
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Definition
renal, liver, or heart failure |
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Term
what is the biggest side effect of the sulfonylureas? |
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Definition
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Term
these inhibit alpha-glucosidase in the gut and decrease intestinal absorption of starch, dextrin and disaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
how are repaglinide/ nateglinide administered? |
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Definition
they are very short acting and taken with meals |
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Term
these are agonists for nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and leads to upregulation of genes that regulate carb and lipid metabolism *horrendous side effects, may cause CHF |
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Definition
Pioglitazone/ Rosiglitazone (avandia) |
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Term
the new class of hypoglycemics are based upon this peptide that is secreted from the alpha cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inhibits glucagon secretion; liver doesn't secrete glucose |
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Term
modified amylin peptide used with insulin to prevent postparandial hyperglycemia. must be injected can be used for type 1 or type 2 |
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Definition
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Term
glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) released from the gut to augment glucose-dependant insulin secretion from pancreas -same effects as amylin plus increases the beta cell number |
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Definition
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Term
what is incretin broken down by? |
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Definition
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme (DPP-4) |
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Term
incretin mimetic (injected); first one made |
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Definition
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Term
this incretin mimetic is brand new may cause thyroid cancer |
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Definition
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Term
these are new DPP-4 inhibitors and are admistered orally |
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Definition
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Term
decreased gastric insuli, increased insulin release, increased insulin sensitivity |
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Definition
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Term
treatment for SEVERE hypoglycemia- IM injection |
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Definition
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Term
treatment for hypoglycemia -opens K+ channels or prolongs open state -decreases insulin secretion |
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Definition
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