Term
| Type 1 dabetes is characterized by the destruction of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus? |
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Definition
| type 1 a immune mediated diabetes and type 1b idiopathic non immune diabetes |
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Term
| what kind of immune mediated response causes the destruction of beta cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| how fast does diabetes type 1 develope? |
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Definition
| it is rapid is children and slower in adults, know as delayed type 1 diabetes |
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Term
| type 1 diabetes is a catabolic disorder, what is it characterized by? |
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Definition
| it is characterized by an absolute lack of insulin, elevated BG, and breakdown of fats and proteins |
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Term
| the absolute lack of insulin in type 1 diabetes can put them at risk for? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 2 actions of insulin? |
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Definition
| the inhibition of fat breakdown and the release of fatty acids from fat cells |
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Term
| how does ketosis develop? |
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Definition
| in the absence of insulin, fatty acids are released from fat cells and converted to ketones |
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Term
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Definition
| exoginous insulin replacement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| type 1A is thought to be what kind of disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of enviornmental triggerign event would instigate type 1? |
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Definition
| an infection of t mediated hypersensitivity. |
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Term
| t or f: type 1 A diabetes associated autoantibodies may exist years before onsent of hypoglycemia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the honeymoon period? |
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Definition
| symtoms of diabetes can dissapear bc beta cells regenerate but it's a short period bc it returns |
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Term
| when no autoantibody is present what is it called? |
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Definition
| idiopathic type 1b. it's inherited and found in asians. ketoacidosis is common |
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Term
| type 2 diabetes is a heteroginous condition that has ...? |
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Definition
| hyperglycemia in associated with relative insulin deficiency |
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Term
| what 3 things contribute to type 2 diabetes? |
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Definition
| insulin resistance, weird secretion of insulin via beta cells, and increase glucose production by the liver |
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Term
| t or f: persons with type 2 diabetes can have low, normal, and high BS? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does insulin resistance stimulate? |
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Definition
| it stimulates the release of insulin which can cause hyperinsulinemia |
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Term
| what causes hyperinsulinemia? |
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Definition
| the beta cells as they try and maintain a normal blood sugar level. |
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Term
| in time, the increased demand for insulin secretion will lead to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is insulin resistance? |
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Definition
| when the affects of insulin are less than expect for glucose disposal and supression of glucose production |
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Term
| what things that originate from adipose tissue modulate insulin action? |
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Definition
| hormones, cytokines, and metabolic fuels such as FFA's. |
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Term
| what are causes of beta cell dysfunction? |
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Definition
| an initial decrease in beta cell mass due to genetic or prenatal factors |
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Term
| what other thigns can cause beta cell dysfunction? |
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Definition
| beta cll exhaustion due to long standing insulin resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| the toxic affects of lipids on beta cells |
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Term
| insulin resistance will contribute to what in type 2 diabetes? |
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Definition
| it will contribute to hyperglycemia |
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Term
| what are some things that can trigger metabolic syndrom? |
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Definition
| obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL's and hypertension. |
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Term
| why do obese people tend to get hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia? |
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Definition
| because they have increased resistance to to insulin and impaired supression of glucose production by the liver |
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Term
| how does intra-abdominal fat affect insulin? |
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Definition
| it causes insulin resistance |
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Term
| an elevation in FFA's can cause? |
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Definition
| it can cause beta cell dysfunction, insulin resistance and inhibiting glucose uptake |
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Term
| how do increase FFA in the circulation cause increased hepatic glucose production? |
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Definition
| it cause hyperglycemia by reducing the hepatic insulin sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excessive peeing. it cannot be absorbed by renal tubules so which causes glycosuria and excessive loss of water in urine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why do we get polydipsia? |
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Definition
| as glucose levels rise, water is pulled out of the cell, including the hypothalamic thirst center |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why is polyphagia commonly found in type 1 diabetes and not type 2? |
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Definition
| because of cellular starvation and the depletion of carbs, fats, and proteins |
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Term
| what are symptoms of hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
| blurred vision, fatigue, and skin infections |
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Term
| what is a normal fasting blood glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| at what blood sugar do we diagnose the person as having diabetes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when should blood glucose levels return back to normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| although excersize is recomended for diabetics, what can happen if it gets out of control? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the pancreas secrete? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the liver produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what do the intestines absorb? |
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Definition
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Term
| diabetic ketoacidosis has...? |
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Definition
| the mobilization of fatty acids which leads to ketone production |
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Term
| what are common symptoms of ketoacidosis? |
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Definition
| lathargy, vomiting, and abdominal pain |
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Term
| stress causes the increase of what hormone? |
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Definition
| it causes a release in gluconeogenic hormones |
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Term
| what things can instigate diabetic ketoacidosis? |
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Definition
| physical/emotional stress, infection, pregnancy, or anxiety. |
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Term
| what are the 3 major metabolic derangements in diabetic ketoacidosis? |
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Definition
| hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis |
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Term
| what blood sugar should ur blood be at to be diagnosed with DKA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what should the ph be of DKA? |
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Definition
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Term
| t or f: in DKA sodium levels can be normal but the potassium levels will be VERY low? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| why do we get metabolic acidosis with DKA? |
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Definition
| it is caused by excess ketoacids that require buffering by bicarbonte ions, which decreases serum bicarbonate levels. |
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Term
| why do we get fruity breath with DKA? |
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Definition
| it is due to volatile ketoacids |
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Term
| kussmals respirations are found in DKA. what do they do? |
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Definition
| it is the bodies way of trying to fight the decreasing ph of the body |
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Term
| t or f: it is nessecary to add potassium to the IV after diagnosis of DKA? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| high insulin levels and low blood glucose |
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Term
| hypoglycemia is most common with what type of diabetes? |
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Definition
| type 1 because it can be due to a mistake in their insulin pump |
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Term
| because the brain relies on blood glucose, hypoglycemia will affect it how? |
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Definition
| it will alter cerebral function |
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Term
| what are common symptoms of hypoglycemia? |
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Definition
| headache, confusion, coma and siezures |
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Term
| at the onset of hypoglycemia the parasympathetic nervous system will activate what? |
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Definition
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Term
| after the parasympathetic nervous system is activated what will occur? |
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Definition
| the sympathetic nervous system will be activated. sweating, anxiety, tachycardia |
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Term
| what is the blood sugar for hypoglycemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| what triglyceride do we want to keep lowered for diabetics and why? |
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Definition
| we want to keep LDL levels low to prevent inflammation |
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Term
| what do alpha cells secrete? |
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Definition
| glucagon, they maintain the blood sugar between meals and with fasting |
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Term
| what do beta cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| alpha cells stimulate the liver to release? |
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Definition
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Term
| the liver stores glucose as? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the insulin action? |
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Definition
| promotes glucose uptake by target cells, glycogen and protein synthesis |
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Term
| what is the insulin action continued? |
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Definition
| it facilitates the transport of glucose intoskeletal muscle and adipose tissue |
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Term
| insulin release is on what kind of feedback system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| increase in bld glucose->increased insulin from beta cells->glucose goes into cells |
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Term
| insulin secretion continued... |
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Definition
| decrease in blood glucose->decreased secretion of insulin |
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Term
| blindness is what kind of vacular problem? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| hat are severe complications that come from diabetes? |
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Definition
| blindness, amputation of limbs, and kidney disease |
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Term
| when the body cant's get glucose (carbs) its gets it's energy from what? |
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Definition
| protein and lipids. when it does this it can cause diabetic ketoacidosis |
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Term
| in type 1 diabetes what is happening to the alpha cells since the beta cells don't work? |
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Definition
| the alpha cells are releasing glucagon whch causes the liver to release glucose. they will eventually get exhausted bc they only normal work with supplying glucose between meals. |
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Term
| what automimmune disease can start type 1 diabetes? |
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Definition
| graves disese and pernicious anemia |
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Term
| prediabetic blood sugar levels are what? |
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Definition
| no greater than 100-125 mg/dL fasting blood sugar |
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Term
| after 2 hours fo eating a meal, prediabetics will have what blood sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are low levels of HDL in men and woman which can contribute to metabolic syndrom? |
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Definition
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Term
| type 2 diabetics have what blood pressure? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| glycosylated hemoglobin A1C |
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Definition
| measures glucose over 6-12 weeks |
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|
Term
| what are macrovascular affects of diabetes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microvascular affects of diabetes? |
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Definition
| neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy |
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