Term
1. To what do gender roles refer? |
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Definition
patterns and behaviors that males and females adopt in a society (role of wife, mother, woman.... husband, father, man)
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Term
1. What is a gender-role norm? |
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Definition
| society's expectations and standards about what males and females SHOULD be like |
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Term
1. What is a gender-role stereotype? |
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Definition
| overgeneralized and largely inaccurate beliefs about what males and females are like |
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Term
| how do communality and agency roles differ? |
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Definition
communality- feminine gender role, sensitivty, emotion, connectiveness to others
agency- masculine gender role. action, achievement, dominance, independence, assertiveness, competition |
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Term
| what does research show about gender differences in spatial and verbal abilities? |
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Definition
females-greater verbal abilitiess (small difference)
males- greater spatial abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of being a boy or a girl |
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Term
| what is gender segregation |
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Definition
| separating themselves into boy and girl peer groups and socializing with same sex (elementary aged) different play styles is a reason, discouraged from playing |
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Term
| what biological and social changes can lead to gender intensification |
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Definition
sex differences magnified by hormonal changes associated with puberty and increased pressure to conform to gender roles
(adolescense) start looking like a man/woman, parental pressure, hormonal |
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Term
| according to Freud, what process is primarily responsible for gender role development |
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Definition
identification
pre-schooled aged children (Oedipus/Electra complex not being fullfilled or strengthened properly) |
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Term
| according to social learning theorists, in what ways do children learn gender identities and behaviors? |
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Definition
differential reinforcement- awarded for sex-appropriate behaviors and punished for non-app. beh.
observational learning- children adopt attitudes and behaviors of same-sex models |
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Term
| Which parent is more likely to reward the child's gender appropriate behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is gender stability defined? |
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Definition
children come to understand that gender identity is stabe over time
boys become men, girls become women |
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Term
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Definition
| balance of both masculine-stereotyped traits and feminine-stereotyped traits ( being assertive, independent and being affectionate and understanding) |
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Term
| how does the parental imperative shape parenting roles? |
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Definition
mothers and fathers adopt different roles to raise children succesfully
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Term
| what does androgyny shift refer to |
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Definition
mid-life adults add qualities stereotyped for opposite sex
become more androgynous
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Term
What did twin studies by Bailey (2000) and others reveal about generic and environmental contributions to sexual orientation? |
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Definition
identical twins are more alike in sexual orientation than fraternal twins
environment contributes as much as genes do |
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Term
| how has the sexual behavior of US adol. changed over the last 50 years? |
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Definition
more intimate behaviors at earlier ages
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Term
| what factors determine whether older adults are sexually active or not? |
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Definition
| being married, sexual functioning and health, arousal levels |
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Term
| what is the major problem that limits sexual activity for older women? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is social cognition defined? |
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Definition
| thinking about the perceptions, thoughts, emotions, motives, and behaviors, of self, other people, groups, social systems |
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Term
| To what does a theory of mind refer? |
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Definition
| the understanding that people have mental states such as desires, beliefs, and intentions and that these mental states guide their behavior |
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Term
1. What important cognitive ability generally occurs by age 8 to 10? |
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Definition
concrete-operational cognitive abilities
2 people can have different points of view if they have the same resources |
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Term
1. What important advance in social cognition generally occurs at age 11 or 12? |
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Definition
mentally juggling multiple perspectives
consider the bigger picture or broader groups |
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Term
1. According to Piaget, what must children outgrow in order to engage in role-taking? |
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Definition
| that other people may feel differently than they do |
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Term
| what are the 3 basic components of morality? |
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Definition
affective (emotional)
cognitive (right and wrong)
behavioral (behavior in temptation) |
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Term
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Definition
vicarious experience of another person's feelings
(smiling at another person's good fortune) |
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Term
| how is prosocial behavior defined? |
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Definition
| positive social acts, such as helping, sharing.. reflect a concern for the welfare of others |
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Term
1. According to Freud, what is necessary for the development of a moral conscience? |
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Definition
early parenting and emotional conflicts forge the superego and guuilt
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Term
| how is moral reasoning defined? |
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Definition
| the thinking process involed in deciding whether an act is right or wrong |
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Term
| what are piaget's stages in moral development? |
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Definition
premoral (preschool, little awareness to morals)
heteronomous (6-10, take rules and authority seriously)
autonomous (10-11, rules are agreements) |
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Term
| what are Kohlberg's levels and stages of moral dev? |
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Definition
level 1 Preconventional (rules are not to self, satisfaction not morality.) Stage 1: Pun/Obedien. avoid pun. Stage 2: Instrum. Hedonism conforms to gain rewards
level 2 Conventional ( internalized morals given by authority) Stage 3 Good boy/girl What is right is what pleases others Stage 4 authority and social order, respecting law is of value
Level 3 postconventional (what is right on broad principles) Stage 5 contract, ind rights. purpose of laws Stage 6 indiv. conscience. self-generated principles |
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Term
| according to social learning theorists, how is moral behavior learned? |
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Definition
observational learning
reinforcement/punishment
situational factors |
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Term
| what is the process of moral disengagement? |
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Definition
bandura
ability to avoid self-condemnation when engaged in immoral behavior by justifying, minimizing or blaming others |
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Term
1. What is the connection between early moral socialization and a mutually responsive orientation? |
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Definition
| close, emotionally positive and cooperative relationship in which child and care giver are attached to each other and are sensitive to each other's needs |
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Term
1. What is the difference between Turiel’s moral rules and social-conventional rules? |
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Definition
moral- standards that focus on the wellfare and basic rights of individuals
social-conventional- standards determined by social consensus that tell us what is appropriate in particular social settings |
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Term
| What did Hartshorne and May find in their classic research on the moral behavior of 10,000 children? |
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Definition
most children expressed moral values (honesty, no to stealing/cheating)
yet, most children broke at least one moral rule when tested/observed
children know right but do not act right all the time |
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Term
1. What did Hoffman (2000) find when he reviewed the literature on discipline approaches and moral development? |
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Definition
| frequent inductions, occasional power assertions, and a lot of affection |
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Term
1. What did Koenig (2004) and others discover about children whose parents are physically abusive? |
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Definition
| children engage in more immoral behaviors because they have less guilt |
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Term
1. According to Patterson and his colleagues, how is antisocial behavior in children and coercive family environments related? |
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Definition
| family members are locked in power struggles, each trying to control the others through negative coercive tactics |
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Term
1. According to Carol Gilligan, what is the difference between a morality of justice and a morality of care? |
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Definition
justice- focused on laws, rules, indd. rights, fairness
care- focused on selflessness, welfare of others |
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