Term
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Definition
Boys are more aggressive and more often aggressed against
Present at early age
Based on testosterone
Based on socialization (parent biases in experiment) |
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Term
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Definition
An enduring emotional bond between babies and specific people
Begins at age 6 to 8 months
Kids seek to be near primary caregiver
Separation anxiety |
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Term
| attachment and development |
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Definition
securely attached: Tend to have longer attention spans, better at solving problems.
insecure: shorter attention spans, poor coping skills, and difficulty solving problems |
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Term
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Definition
| poor parenting can cause insecure attachment. If child gets what it wants from poor behavior, it will continue said behavior and become insecurely attached. Reinforcement of good behavior should be used together with punishment of bad behavior |
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Term
| cognitive gender differences |
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Definition
Boys better at visual-spatial tasks
e.g. video games
Early on, girls tend to have a verbal advantage while boys tend to have a mathematical advantage |
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Term
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Definition
| when child is developing walking and language, there is an expansion of a child's exploration and manipulation of objects. With these new abilities comes a sense of independence (autonomy) Too much criticism at this stage leads to self-doubt |
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Term
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Definition
| child's autonomy is more in control of parenting. Parents are responsive but not authoritative enough |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the processes and products of the mind as they emerge and change over time |
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Term
| competence vs inferiority |
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Definition
| when child enters elementary school, he has new opportunities to discover what he is good and bad at. Success leads to feelings of competence. those who perform poorly often develop feelings of incompetence which can cause problems in later development stages |
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Term
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Definition
| tested by Harry Harlow. Children who don't get contact comfort and close, loving relatioinships early in life are often malnourished and sickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| a speaker may adjust their words or tone of voice based on their perceptions of a listener's facial expressions or body language - and this may occur on an ongoing basis. studied by fogel |
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Term
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Definition
| he first few years of life constitute the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful[ |
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Term
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Definition
| he first few years of life constitute the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful[ |
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Term
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Definition
| different parenting styles based on culture can lead to different levels of attachment in children of different cultures |
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Term
| democratic/authoritative parents |
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Definition
parents make final decision
adolescents work with parents to set rules
coined by Elder |
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Term
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Definition
<5% of children
Lack a coherent method for dealing with stressful situations |
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Term
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Definition
| crisis in later adulthood is often the result of ego integrity vs despair. Resolving crises at each of the earlier stages of life prepares the adult to look back without regrets. when these crises are left unresolved, the individual experiences despair |
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Term
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Definition
| when kids grow up and move out, leaving parents alone again |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd stage of prenatal development (9 weeks - birth). rapid brain growth |
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Term
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Definition
| continual food rewards can lead to unhealthy attachment |
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Term
| generativity vs. Stagnation |
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Definition
| the 7th stage of Erik Erikson's theory of Psychosocial development where the individual's task is to contribute to his or her community and family, thereby aiding the succeeding generations. Those that fail at this task risk stagnation, a sense of purposelessness, and boredom |
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Term
| identity vs. role confusion |
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Definition
| Up to this stage, according to Erikson, development mostly depends upon what is done to us. From here on out, development depends primarily upon what we do. we try to find out who we are as individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| primitive form of learning in which some infant animals physically follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see or hear |
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Term
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Definition
| ack of emotional involvement and supervision of children. The parents are generally not involved in their child's life, but will provide basic needs for the child. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces children who are dependent, immature, poor social skills, impulsive |
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Term
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Definition
| Age 3-6. Increased muscular, mental and language abilities set the stage for more activities and questions. There is a great curiosity and openness to learning. The favourite word of pre-schoolers is "why." Parents who take time to answer their preschoolers' questions reinforce their intellectual initiative. |
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Term
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Definition
| unhealthy levels of attachment. Avoidant, anxious-ambivialent, or disorganized |
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Term
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Definition
| age 20-34 of erikson model. we are sometimes isolated due to intimacy. We are afraid of rejections such as being turned down or our partners breaking up with us. We are familiar with pain, and to some of us, rejection is painful; our egos cannot bear the pain.If people cannot form intimate relationships – perhaps because of their own needs – a sense of isolation may result. |
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Term
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Definition
| strange situation test.Babies use mothers as a secure base to explore their environment, respond to separation, and respond to strangers. |
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Term
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Definition
| developed a model of parenting styles. Authoritarian is too hard on children, permissive is too easy on them, and authoritative is just right |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested that infants are biologically predisposed to form attachments |
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Term
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Definition
| researched adolescence. teens reported their parents’ style. teens reported on their feelings about parents and themselves. Kids with democratic parents had a better self image and relationship with parents |
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Term
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Definition
| created eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages |
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Term
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Definition
| created eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages |
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Term
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Definition
| argued that women's moral development is based on a standard of caring for others and progresses to a stage of self-realization. Men on the other hand base their morales on justice |
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Term
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Definition
| first psychologist of the modern era to write about adolescent development |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesized that infants might attach to those who provide contact comfort |
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Term
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Definition
| founder of empiricism. credits human development to experience. empiricists believe that what directs human development is the stimulation people receive as they are nurtured |
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Term
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Definition
| demonstrated that young geese raised by a human imprint on the human rather than one of its own kind |
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Term
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Definition
| argues that young children are segregationist in that they seek out peers of the same sex even when adults are not supervising |
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Term
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Definition
| argued the nativist view. nature is the mold that shapes development |
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Term
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Definition
| research effort designed to describe what is characteristic of a specific age or developmental stage |
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Term
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Definition
| recognition that objects exist independently of an individual's action or awareness. develops in infancy |
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Term
| parent-centered parenting |
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Definition
| high demands of children by parent-centered parents results in the parents taking an authoritarian role, while low demands make indifferent parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| young children naturally seek out relationships with peers that are their same sex |
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Term
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Definition
| can create an unhealthy attachment |
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Term
| strange situation paradigm |
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Definition
| developed by ainsworth. mother plays with kid in a room then she leaves and a stranger enters, which upsets the baby, unless he is avoidance attached. determines type of attachment the child has |
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