Term
| What are some of the core symptoms of Dysthymia? |
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Definition
2 or more of the following:
1. appetite disturbance
2. sleep disturbance
3. low energy/fatigue
4. low self-esteem
5. poor concentration, difficulty making decisions
6. feelings of hopelessness |
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Term
| What are some of the core symptoms of major depression? |
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Definition
1. depressed/irritable mood
2. diminished interest/pleasure in activities
3. weight loss/gain
4. sleep disturbance
5. psychomotor agitation/retardation
6. fatigue/loss of energy
7. feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
8. impaired concentration/decision making
9. suicidal thoughts |
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Term
| What is the Diathesis-Stress Model? |
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Definition
| Indicates that when genetic & cognitive vulnerabilities interact w/environmental influences makes people neurobiologically vulnerable to depression. |
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Term
| What are some comorbid disorders linked w/depression? |
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Definition
1. Anxiety
2. ADHD
3. Conduct Disorder
4. ODD
5. Substance Abuse |
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Term
| What are some aspects related to the biology of the brain that play a role in depression? |
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Definition
1. More easily activated amygdala
2. decreased size of amygdala in childhood but then increased size in adults - mixed results in adolescents
3. Brain is right hemisphere activated - associated w/negative mood |
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Term
| Discuss the role that neurotransmitters play in depression. |
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Definition
1. Short "s" allele of the serotonin transporter
2. BDNF - Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor
3. |
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Term
| What temperament trait is associated w/depression? |
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Definition
| Neuroticism - perceiving environment as threatening (behavioral inhibition) |
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Term
| Describe role of emotion regulation in depression. |
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Definition
Adolescents w/depression have more negative emotion & less inclined to have positive emotion.
They are more likely to remember negative events. |
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Term
| What are some environmental factors that can lead to depression? |
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Definition
1. Insecure Attachment style
2. Family Dynamics/Modeling
3. Being disconnected from peers (esp true for females)
4. Stressful events - those w/multiple losses are at high risk |
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Term
| Describe the cognitive vulnerabilities associated w/depression. |
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Definition
1. internalized shame & self-criticism - those who have experienced more shame earlier in life are more likely to have depression. They think something is wrong w/them.
2. self-blaming & anger directed toward the self
3. Beck's depressive triad:
self as unworthy
negative views of world
negative views of future
4. negative events are then seen as confirmation of the flawed self
5. over-assuming responsibility for negative outcomes
6. negative events are viewed as catastrophic
7. sense of helplessness |
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Term
| Describe role of peer relationships & depression. |
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Definition
| kids who arent skilled socially are more at risk for depression and are more likely to feel isolated |
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Term
| What are 2 things you should assess for in depression? |
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Definition
1. assess for any major losses
2. assess parent history of depression (ie if moms depression started at 14 then daughters might start at age 14) |
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Term
| What is the prevalence of depression in children vs adolescents, females vs males? |
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Definition
1. equal prevalence in children
2. after the age of 15 it is twice as common in females than males
3. males are 4 times more likely to commit suicide, but females are twice as likely to attempt suicide
4. females are more likely to be affected by loss of social relationships since they are more dependent on them |
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