Term
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Definition
Examined 698 children's birth histories and collected data on their lives.
RESULTS: Found that quality of home environment played a larger role in child development than biological factors!
AKA people with birth problems only really experienced them when they weren't growing up in good situations
ENVIRONMENT IS MORE EXPLANATORY to Children development, BUT NOT MORE DETERMINISTIC |
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| Why Study Human Development? |
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Definition
To understand human nature!
study the relationship between early and later experiences! |
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Definition
| Workers in the orphanage were told not to interact with the babies, just to feed them and change them and that was it! by the time they were 2 or older (24-42 months), the children had determined emotional connection as useless, very much impaired their development |
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Definition
| A philosopher who determined that children are born with innate knowledge. PRO NATURE |
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Definition
| A philosopher who determined that all knowledge comes from experience. PRO NUTURE |
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| Locke was a philosopher who saw inants as "tabula rasa" or a blank slate! was very PRO NUTURE |
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| He was a philosopher who believed children learn from their own actions. PRO EXPERIENCE/ NUTURE |
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Definition
| Believed in Psychoanalytic Theory, that biological drives and unconscious influence development |
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Watson created the behaviorist theory! He stated that behavior is developed from rewards and punishments
He also did the little albert experiment! Showed children can be conditioned to specific responses |
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Definition
| Created by John Watson, it states that Children's behavior develops from rewards and punishments they get |
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Definition
| Done by John Watson! Watson showed a little baby a mouse, and the proceeded to play a scary loud sound afterward. After a couple of times, Albert became conditioned to be afraid of animals from his response. Albert was shown a bunny, and was frightened because he felt what he felt after hearing the scary sound |
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Definition
Nature refers to our biological endowment, especially from our parents genes!
EX: Our physical characteristics, Emotional Temperment |
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Definition
Nuture refers to our environments both physical and social that influence our environment.
EX: Prenatal Teretogens, Family Styles |
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Term
| Developmental Systems View |
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Definition
| The idea that there are no singular causes of something within an organism, but multiple factors that lead up to this system. The idea that someones environment, behavior, neural activity, genetics, all combine to create a system of a person |
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Term
| Children Shape their own development by... |
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Definition
Shaping their environment! A child's actions through play, use of language, and attention patterns dictate what their environment will be like.
Older you get, more control they have! Get to pick friends etc |
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Term
| Continuous Development/ Change |
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Definition
| The idea that changes occur with age occur gradually in small increments |
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Term
| Discontinuous Change/ Development |
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Definition
| Change with age occurs in occasional large shifts. EX stage theory, like a caterpillar going into a cocoon, and then again into a butterfly as distinct changes |
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Definition
The interaction of genes and environment determines what chagnes occur and when they happen!
EX: gene influence, parenting influence both dictate when a child will learn something! |
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Definition
The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up a child's environment!
Everything that makes up a child's environment |
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Term
| What dictates a child's individual different |
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Definition
-Genetic difference
-different treatment by different parents
-different reactions to similar experience
-different choice of environment, even those in same family |
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Definition
| The development of thinking and reasoning |
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Term
| Steps of Scientific Method |
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Definition
-Choosing a question
-Doing Background research
-Formulating a Hypothesis
-Testing the Hypothesis
-Drawing a Conclusion |
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Definition
| An educated guess about the outcome of your experiment |
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Definition
The degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent
Doing same thing over and over |
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Definition
The amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior.
When observers agree about the results of the experiment |
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Definition
The degree of similarity of a child's performance will occur on two or more occasions.
When the same results occur over and over after re doing the experiment |
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Definition
The degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
Doing the thing you want it to do |
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Definition
The degree to which the effects the experimenter wanted can be attributed to the variables he manipulated.
How close your results correlate to YOUR variables |
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Definition
| The degree to which results can be applied to the outside world. |
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Definition
| A research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same question |
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Definition
| A procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answer the interviewee provides. |
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Definition
Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher.
Children in their "natural Habitat" |
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Definition
A method that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the childs behavior
Children in experimental environment |
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Definition
Studies intended to indicate how variables relate to each other
*Similarity between variables |
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Definition
| A statistic that describes the strength and direction of a correlation ranging from -1 to 1 |
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Term
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Definition
In correlational studies, it is the problem that a correlation between two variables is actually caused by a third!
EX: ice cream sales and murders in summer! does they cause eachother, or does it have to do with the temperature? |
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Definition
| A design studying an independent variable and its causal effect on the dependent variable. |
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Definition
| When participants in an assignment are done so randomly, so they have equal chances of ending up in each group/category |
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Definition
Children of different ages are studied at a single time.
EX: 20 2 year olds, 20 3 year olds, and 20 4 year olds are asked to perform the same task! |
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Definition
Children are examined repeatedly over a prolonged period of time.
EX: Observing a child when hes 2, then when hes 3, then when hes 4, and how they perform on a task as they get older |
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Definition
Children observed intensively over a short period of time while a change is occuring
EX: 20 infants seen every day for 4 weeks while they learn to crawl, and observing their performance on a certain task |
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Term
| Ethical Issues in Developmental Research |
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Definition
| Children are unable to give informed consent, so researchers must minimize potential risk and make sure they are outweighed by potential benefit! |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that a preformed human being resided in the sperm, and would enlarge when entering the egg of a woman. It was a 1700s theory that was disclosed |
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Term
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Definition
Aristole coined the term, it means the emergence of new structures and functions over the course of development.
AKA the sperm and the egg emerging and forming new structures and functions as the fetus grows |
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Definition
| The reproductive cells of the body! AKA Egg and sperm. They each contain only half of the material of all the other cells in the body |
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Definition
| The union of an egg from the mother and the sperm from the father |
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| Gametes contain _______ chromosomes |
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Definition
| 23 Chromosomes, half the amount in all cells! |
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Term
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Definition
| A fertilized egg cell (one with 46 chromosomes) |
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Definition
120-150 males are concieved for every 100 females because Y chromosomes are lighter and those sperm swim faster!
BUT boys are miscarried more, and are more vulnerable to disease and developmental disorders! Balances out |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryonic cells, which can develop into any type of body cell! |
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| Developmental Process of cells |
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Definition
-Cell Division
-Cell Migration
-Cell Differentiation
-Apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| First step in the developmental process. 12 hours after fertilization, the zygote divides into 2 equal parts! and so on and so on! |
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Term
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Definition
| During the Embryonic Period, Cell migration is when newly formed cells move from where they were created to a specific place on the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| After many cell divisions and they begin to migrate, certain cells called stem cells begin to form into whatever cells they end up creating. It is the process of cells specializing to perform specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
Programmed cell death! there are certain cells that are designed to be destroyed due to evolutionary traits.
EX: wed have webbed feet without apoptosis |
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Definition
| The idea that we share may characteristics with out animal ancestors, especially mammals! |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that we share may characteristics with out animal ancestors, especially mammals! |
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Term
| 3 stages of Prenatal Development |
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Definition
-Germinal (0-2 weeks)
-Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
-Fetal (9 weeks - Birth!) |
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Term
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Definition
The period where the baby is a Zygote, during the stages of cell division. It is the 0-2 week period
-It is when the fertilized egg becomes a blastocyst, and travels down to the women's uterus! rapid cell division occurs |
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Term
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Definition
When a baby is 3-8 weeks old and organ development begins to occur! After this the embryo is 1 inch long!
There are 3 layers of the embryo:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
When a baby is 9 weeks to birth. This is where more organ development occurs, and sensory experiences and learning occur
Characterized by rapid development! Fetus experiences sense! |
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Term
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Definition
| After 4 days, the cell division rapidly occurs where a hollow sphere of cells with a bulge of inner cell mass occurs. It travels down the Fallopian tube and into the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| THe first layer on the embryo. It includes parts like: skin, spinal cord, brain, sense organs, etc |
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Definition
| The Middle layer of the embryo. It includes cells for the muscles, bones, and circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| The Bottom layer of the embryo. It includes cells for the digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system |
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Definition
| The area that permits exchange of materials between bloodstream of fetus and mother. Acts as a membrane that regulates what is exchanged! |
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Definition
| Contains Blood Vessels that travel between the placenta and developing organism aka Fetus! Tube where nutrients for baby travel |
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Term
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Definition
| A transparent, fluid filled membrane that protects and surrounds the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| A groove formed in the top layer of the cells of the embryo, they eventually turn into the brain and spinal cord! |
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Term
| Cephalocaudal Development |
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Definition
| Pattern of growth in which areas near the hear develop earlier than areas farther away from head |
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Term
| "Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny" |
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Definition
| The idea that the development of the human brain matches the development across species. AKA we develop our hindbrain first and then going into higher function areas like the forebrain that other animals dont have. This is believed to be FALSE |
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Term
| In general, do babies behave different inside uterus vs. period shortly after birth? |
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Definition
| No, they do pretty much the same things! |
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Term
| By ____ weeks after gestation, most of the movements present at birth have appeared in a fetus |
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Definition
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Term
| Pre and Postnatal Continuity! |
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Definition
| Behavior and learning before birth is related to behavior and learning after! Fetuses shape their own development |
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Term
| Movements in Utero for a fetus |
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Definition
"Practicing" for external functions!
-hiccups
-swallowing
-moving
-waking
-fetal 'breathing' |
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Term
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Definition
| After 10 weeks babies begin to "breath" even though no air is taken in or out. Instead, amniotic fluid is pulled and pushed out of the lungs! It only occurs 50% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| Not many visual experience, but does have REM sleep! |
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Term
| Fetal Tactile Stimulation |
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Definition
| Fetus's have many different ways of getting touch stimulation, get it alot! |
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Term
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Definition
| Fetus's have taste preferences! They follow what the mother intakes, but also can have "sweet tooths!" An experiment where a doctor injected saccharin or a type of sugar into the amniotic fluid, it showed fetus's had a higher amniotic fluid intake! they did so more because they liked the taste! |
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Term
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Definition
| Fetus's have preferences to foods associated to what a mother ate! They can smell curry or coffee or something strong in the amniotic sac |
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Term
| Fetal Hearing Stimulation |
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Definition
| Fetus's hear and react to voices, more specifically the mothers, from 6 months on! These sounds elicit exceeded heartrate and movement! |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple form of learning that shows a fetus/ baby has learned something by a decreased response to repeated and continued stimulation! |
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Term
| Decasper and Spence Study |
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Definition
| In 1986, Newborn infants recognized rhymes and stories present to them before birth! |
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Term
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Definition
AN external agent that can cause damage or death to prenatal development!
-The timing of when the teratogen is exposed to the fetus is key to how it will effect it! |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of time where developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors! When teratogens are most effective |
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Term
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Definition
-Baby and Mother receive less oxygen
-retarded growth and low birth weight
-increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
-Low IQ, Hearing deficits, cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Most common misfortune is spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
-45% of conceptions result in early miscarriage (not getting pregnant)
-15-20% of pregnancies that women are aware of (later) are miscarried, "lose the baby" |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder |
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Definition
| When the mother drinks alcohol while baby is developing in utero, it leads to mental retardation, facial deformity, etc |
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Term
| Illegal Drugs and Pregnancy |
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Definition
-About 4% of women who are pregnant use illegal drugs
-Marjuinna leads to effected memory learning and visual skills
-Cocaine leads to cognitive and social defects! |
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Term
| How is the timing of prenatal exposure to cortisol from mother (stress) associated with Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| Early in pregnancy exposure to stress shows lower IQ shores for infants |
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Term
| Pregnancy and Maternal Age |
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Definition
| Being too young (prior to 16) and too old can lead to birth defects |
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Term
| Labor Pressure from birth |
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Definition
| Pressure from birth can lead to squeezing of head and breaking of skull leading to cone head. This squeezing pushes amniotic fluid out of lungs as well! |
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Term
| Effects of Epirdural Anesthesia on Mother |
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Definition
-Reduces pain in labor
-Sometimes slows labor (mother less able to sense when to push) |
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Term
| Effects of Epidural Anesthesia on Neonate |
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Definition
Drug strength relates to effects on fetus, but:
-May temporarily depress frlow of oxygen
-short term less responsive and poor motor control, cry more. Baby on pain meds! |
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Term
| What is the approximate proportion of C Sections in US? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A scale to determine the "normality" of the baby to detect problems. They are taken 1 minute and 5 minutes after the birth! 7-10 points means baby is normal, 4-7 means require some measures, and a baby with a apgar score under 4 needs immediate resusciation! |
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Term
| Approximately what percentage per day do Western (US) newborns spend sleeping? |
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Definition
| 16 hours! or 66% of them time |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that during REM Sleep, in the fetus and in a newborn is when babies develop their visual system. They have to "watch their dreams" because they dont watch enough of the outside world inside mother/ right after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies cry when they are hungry, sick, in pain, etc. As they get older it becomes their method of communication |
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Term
| Crying peaks at about____ weeks. |
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Definition
| It peaks at about 6 Weeks! It occurs typically in the late afternoon |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive, inconsolable crying for no apparent reason |
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Term
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Definition
| It can be done by swaddling, repetitive, stimulation, carrying, and touch |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrapping a baby tight in clothes or a blanket and preventing limb movement. It makes the baby feel comfortable. |
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Term
| Negative Outcomes at Birth |
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Definition
Things that can go wrong
-Infant Mortality
-Low Birth Weight
Multiple Risk Model
-Poverty
Risk & Resilience |
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Term
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Definition
The death rate during the first year after birth!
-IN 2007, It was the Lowest in History, but not lowest in world!
WHERE YOU ARE BORN EFFECTS YOUR INFANT MORTALITY RATE |
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Term
| Why is US infant Mortality rate not number 1? |
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Definition
| The US does not have universal healthcare like places in Europe |
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Term
| Average Weight of Newborns in the US |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of Low Birth Weight Infants |
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Definition
-Premature
-Small for Gestational Age |
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Term
| Premature low birth weight baby |
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Definition
| When a baby is premature, it can lead to low birth weight! |
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Term
| SGA Low Birth Weight Babies |
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Definition
| WHen a baby has a low birth weight less than its normal gestational age |
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Term
| Low Birth Weight Leads to..... |
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Definition
-medical complications
-neurosensory deficits
-lower IQ
-Lower education achievement |
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Term
| How many weeks of gestation will a baby have a 50% chance of survival? |
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Definition
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Term
| Intervention methods to help Low Birth Weight |
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Definition
- Massage/ Touch
- Music/ Singing! |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that the more risks a baby is exposed to the more likely the negative outcome in development of the child
RISK EXAMPLES:
maternal distress, low SES, paternal criminality, martial problems, maternal psychiatric disorder |
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Term
| Poverty as a Developmental Hazard |
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Definition
| Poverty and Socioeconomic Status are related to developmental hazard! With poverty comes multiple risk, and with that leads to development problems |
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Term
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Definition
When an infant/ child resists the risk factors when growing up and develops "normally." This is caused from:
-biological factors
-Personal characteristics
-Responsive care from a caregiver |
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Term
| Individuals Differ from one another by about _____% of their genes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The complete set of genes of any organism |
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Term
| Humans share about ____% of their DNA with primates |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Elements of the Model of Interaction |
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Definition
Genotype
Phenotype
Environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic material an individual inherits |
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Term
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Definition
The observable expression of a Genotype.
EX: Genotype - HH
Phenotype - Blue eyes |
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Term
| Environment as part of Gene interaction |
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Definition
| Environment is considered every aspect of an individual and his or her surroundings other than genes! |
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Term
| 4 relations of Genetic and Environmental Forces |
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Definition
1. Parents genetics to Child's Genotype
2. Contributions of the child's Genotype to Phenotype
3. Contributions of the Environment on their Phenotype
4. Influence of phenotype on environment |
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Term
| Parents Genotype -> Child's Genotype |
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Definition
| Genetic material is passes on from parent to child, via genes and chromosomes! |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information. They carry biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning to the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Sections of Chromosomes that are the basic units of heredity for all living things |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the section of DNA caused by either random or environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
| The shuffling of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in sperm and egg, CHANCE Determines which member of pair goes to new sperm and egg! |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another during meiosis |
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Term
| Child Genotype -> Child Phenotype |
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Definition
| Only SOME of the genes that a child inherits are EXPRESSED! The expressed ones make up the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that control the activity of other genes |
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Term
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Definition
2 or more Different forms of a human gene
EX: Dominant Allele B
Recessive Allele b |
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Term
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Definition
2 of the same allele, either both recessive or dominant
BB or bb |
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Term
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Definition
When you have a combination of two different alleles
Bb |
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Term
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Definition
Inheritance of something that pertains to more than 1 gene!
EX: shyness, aggression, behavior disorders depend on different genes |
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Term
| An example of a disease with an unidentified genetic basis! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Occurs only when an individual has BOTH recessive genes (bb only)
EX: PKU, Sickle cell, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when someone has at least one Dominant allele for the Condition (Bb or BB)
EX: Huntingtons disease, neurofibromatosis |
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Term
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Definition
When you have a deficiency in one or more of your chomosomes
EX: Down syndrome occurs when you have a defective Trisomy 21 chromosome) |
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Term
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Definition
When you suffer from a disease that only occurs if you are that gender
EX: Male pattern baldness |
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Term
| Unidentified Genetic Basis |
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Definition
Diseases that we have no gene basis for
-Autism Spectrum Disorder
-Tourette Syndrome
-Dyslexia |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of phenylalanine |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that a given genotype will develop differently in different environments (react to different settings) |
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Term
| Environment -> Phenotype reactions |
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Definition
Observable characteristics result from the interaction of environmental factors AND childs genetic makeup
EX: noticing the amount of sunlight on a plant's height |
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Term
| Phenotype -> Environment Relation |
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Definition
The idea that children shape their own environment
EX Active children evoke responses from others, select surrounding and experiences! |
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Term
| Genotype -> Environment Interaction |
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Definition
Maltreated men are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior
-Maltreatment can lead to inactivity in the MAOA gene, which leads to antisocial behavior! |
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Term
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Definition
| The science concerned with how variation in behavior is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
A statistical estimate of the Proportion of variance on a given trait among individuals in a given population that is attributed to genetic differences
-ONLY TO POPULATIONS, Not individuals
-Applies to only a particular group living at the same time
-HIGH HERITABILITY DOES NOT IMPLY IMMUTABILITY |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to trained that are affected by a host of environmental factors as well as genetic ones.
BEING EFFECTED BY BOTH MANY ENVIRONMENTAL GENETIC FACOTRS |
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Term
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Definition
| Compares correlations for identical twins with same sex fraternal twins |
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Term
| Environmental Effects on Behavioral Genetics |
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Definition
| Siblings/ Twins with non shared environments increases the differences between family members. Environments matter/ shape development |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
THE GOLD STANDARD FOR BEHAVIOR GENETICS
-Compares identical twins who were reared apart and lived in different environments |
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Term
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Definition
If heritability of depression is 60% that means of the Population studied, 60 percent of the variation of gene expression for depress related to genes!
If another great depression happened, heritability of depression would go down, because environment would effect likelihood of being depressed more |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord (and Blood Brain Barrier) |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| Everything that goes to and from CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cells that are the basic units of the brains information system |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the basic material that keeps neuron functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural Fibers that receive input input from the post synaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals to connections (synapse) with other nuerons |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer of glial cells that surround axon for support of Action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| The "gray matter" of brain that plays a primary role in what is thought to be particularly human like in us. Involves higher functioning, seeing hearing, writing, feeling emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| The specialization of hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing |
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Term
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Definition
| A dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
The proliferation of neurons through cell division
-Neurongs migrate to destinations via radial glia, differentiate into different types of cells
-the axons elongate, and the dendrites form spines |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of synapses and connections of neurons between other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| The developmental process through which synapses that are not used are eliminated. DONT USE IT YOU LOSE IT |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity of the brain to be affected by experience |
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Term
| Experience and Plasticity |
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Definition
Experience determines which brains excess synapses will be pruned and which will be maintained
ones that are frequently activated are preserved (neural Darwinism!) |
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Term
| Experience Expectant Processes |
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Definition
Neural connected generated by typical human experience
EX: vision input, auditory input |
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Term
| Experience Dependent Processes |
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Definition
Neural Connections generated/ maintained by experience UNIQUE to an individual
EX: Connections supporting playing an instrument, playing chess, etc |
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Term
| Worst time to suffer a brain injury |
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Definition
During Neurogenesis and neuro migration, which is prenatal and the first year after birth.
THIS IS WHEN BRAINS ARE MOST PLASTIC |
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