Term
| Issues in Developmental Research |
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Definition
I. Nature-Nurture Issue: Biology vs. Socialization
II. Life Continuity vs. Discontinuity/Stages
III. Character shaped by Childhood Experiences vs. Adult Experiences |
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Each child is unique
Series of stages with conflict/resolution, the outcomes of which determines adult character.
Proposed by Freud in his Psychosexual Theory. |
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Definition
Psychoanalytical Theory proposed by Freud which focuses on the unconscious and sexual and aggressive drives.
Lack of empirical proof, dated, limited subjects. Not generally accepted anymore. |
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Term
| Freud and the Personality |
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Definition
Id- Desires, drives (sex and aggression)
Superego- Conscience, morality
Ego- Reality, the compromise between the id and the superego. |
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Term
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Definition
Oral (B- 1 yr)= breastfeeding
Anal (1-3 yr)= potty training
Phallic (3-6 yr)= Oedipus/Electra Complex
Latency (6- puberty)= Social and Intellectual Development
Genital (Puberty- d)= Successful relationships achieved by not fixating too much in earlier stages. |
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Term
| Erikson's Psychosocial Theory |
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Definition
| Childhood and later life determine character, not only pre-puberty. |
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Definition
Pavlov
Trained association |
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Definition
Watson
Conditioning to create characters
Concept of "tabula rasa"
"Little Albert" experiment |
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Definition
| Children imitate behavior. Children choose what to imitate, possible to imitate thought patterns. |
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| Cognitive Development Theory |
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Definition
Piaget
Assimilation and Accommodation: new knowledge is organized into pre-existing schemas, new schemas are created to accommodate new information. |
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Definition
Loren- imprinting: rapid, innate learning in critical period
Bowlby's Attachment Theory- Bond with caregiver as an infant |
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Term
| Eclectic Theory Orientation |
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Definition
| Researchers pick and choose elements from different theories. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Identify problem
2. Collect data
3. Use statistic to analyze data
4. Draw conclusions |
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Definition
Set of ideas that helps to explain and allows us to make predictions
Idea being tested, prediction |
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Definition
Observation/Pattern of Results (Lab vs. Naturalistic)
Survey
Interview
Physiological Measures
Case Study- Detailed investigation of 1+ people |
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Definition
Examines the relationship between variables.
Correlation Coefficient (between -1 and 1)
If positive, variables increase/decrease together.
If negative, as one variable increases, the other decreases. |
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Definition
Manipulation of variables.
Independent variable- what is manipulated
Dependent variable- what is measured
Experimental group- group receives treatment
Control Group- group does not receive treatment
Cross-sectional approach- different ages of individuals compared
Longitudinal Study- Study same individuals over long time span. |
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Definition
Favors the best adapted to survive/reproduce.
Adaptive Behavior- behavior that promotes survival (crying, taste preference, taste aversion) |
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Definition
| Tightly coiled strands of DNA which stores and transmits genetic information. |
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Definition
| Segments of DNA that determine characteristics of offspring. |
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Definition
| Long double-helix molecule, life bluprint |
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Definition
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Definition
| Directly expressed traits. What is observed. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The allele that is normally expressed |
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Definition
| Allele only expressed if both are recessive |
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Term
| Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle |
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Definition
| Recessive gene only expressed if both are present |
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Term
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Definition
| Alleles from both parents are the same |
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Definition
| Alleles from both parents are different |
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Definition
| Mutated gene carried on X chromosome, most recessive |
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Definition
| Alleles are chemically marked, silencing the dominant gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many genes determine characteristics |
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Definition
A chromosomal abnormality resulting from an extra copy of Chromosome #21. Thought to be the result of old eggs/sperm.
Individual is short, flat faced, has a protruding tongue, upwards slanting eyes, and health issues. |
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Term
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Definition
A sex-linked chromosomal abnormality where individual has extra x (XXY syndrome).
Individual is male with secondary female characteristics such as breast growth, abnormal fat distribution, no/little sperm |
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Term
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Definition
A sex-linked chromosomal abnormality where the father's sperm lacked a chromosome or one of the X chromosomes is defective.
Individuals appear female but have non-functional or non-existent ovaries. |
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Term
| Growth of Reproductive Organs |
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Definition
| X and Y chromosomes cause the gonads (testes/ovaries) to form in utero. The gonads generate hormones which stimulate the growth of the reproductive organs. A defect in chromosomes, therefore, will affect sexual maturation. |
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Definition
| Random genetic error resulting in tall and thin individuals, "supermales," often with severe acne, antisocial/behavioral issues, and learning issues. Not more aggressive. |
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Term
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Definition
Phenylketonuria.
Individuals are unable to break down phynylalanine. As it builds up, it causes the nervous system to malfunction, resulting in mental retardation and weird odor. Preventable with phenyl-free diet. |
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Definition
Gene-linked abnormality where red blood cells are misshapen. Most common in those of African descent.
Heterozygous carriers can be cured on malaria by sickling the cells in low-oxygen conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
Ultrasound Sonography
Chorionic Villi Sampling (testing placenta sample)
Amniocentesis
Maternal Blood Screening |
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