-  everyone comes pre built, experience is just a trigger

has experience made me the way i am?

organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions

observing how birds follow and recognize mother

experiment: baby chicks hatching

concepts: Impriniting and Critical period

critcial period only occurs once ex. language

pavlov : classical conditioning (stimulant)

Skinner: Operant conditioning (reinforce/punish)

Bandura : observational learning

childs own experience in the world provokes learning, they interpret based on their knowledge level

1) Sensorimotor(birth -2) : knowns world through movement and sensations (object permanence)

2) Preoperational( 2 - 7) : children begin to think symbolically and use words/picture to rep objects

3)Concrete Operational( 7 - 11) : children begin to think logical about concrete events 

4)Formal Operational(12-up) : begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems

- he used marx's approach 

- looks at interaction and culture 

- interactions with others = source of knowledge

1) Continuity - Discontinuity :

is development gradual or does it not continue? (ex. if your a happy kid will you always be happy or will you be unhappy 25 and over?)

2) Nature vs. Nuture

3) Active - Passive child (mercy of enviornment)

4) Domains of development

Naturalistic observation (no manipulation)

Structured observation

validity : measures what you say your measuring 

reliable : results stay the same (stable)

different kids of different ages, over a short period of time 

faults: age can have neg effects 

in nucleus, it sorts the chromosomes into 23 paris (total of 46)

girl = XX

Boy = XY

- A = Adenine

- T = Thymine 

- G = guanine

- C = cytosine

Combos :

A + T 

G + C

In a single chrmosome how long can DNA get up to

(In feet) ?

- Homozygous : both the same

( dominate (DD) and recesseive (dd))

- Heterozygous :different gentic code (Dd)

(expression of gentic info is from the chrom that is dom)

1) depend on enviornment in which instructions develop. 

(reaction range: same genotype can produce a range of phenotypes in reaction to enviornment)

2) Heredity and environment

3) Genes can influence environement (nich - picking)

4) enivornment influence make children within a family different ( non shared environemnt influences)

First stage 

Week 1-2: Zygote (fertilize egg)

Week 3-8: Embryo

(rapid growth (NS) and most body parts are formed)

Second

Week 9 - 24 : Fetus

(systems begin to function, movements  13 - 24w)

Third

Week 25 - 38 : Fetus

1) Nutrition ( increase intake 10-20%, take folic acid)

2) Stress (lead to premature babies/babies smaller baby)

3) Age (35+ risk, 40-45 misscrage double )

- "cliff" was set up, and babies were stimulated to crawl over "cliff", but most did not unless it a small drop

- babies seem to process info and appreciate depth

(sensory processing)

agents that cause abnormal prenatal development 

(Diseases, drugs, and enviornment )

ex. Thalidomide

1) AIDS:infections, neurological disorders and death

2) Cytomegalovirus:defness,blindness, small head, mentaly retardation

3)Gential H: enlarged spleen, blood clotting

4) Rubella:Mental retardation,damages eyes,ears&heart

5) Syphilis: CNS, teeth and bones 

Lead = Mental Retardation

Mercury = retarded growth, mental retardation, cerebral palsy

PCBs = Impaired memory and verball skill

X- rays = mental retardation, leukemia

1) Ultra sound (4-5 w)

2) Amniocentesis ( 16w, needle takes fluid, surrest way)

- may cause misscarriage)

3) Chorionic Villus Sampling (12w , samples tissue)

1) 12 -24 hrs - cervix enlarges to 10cm

2) 1 hr - baby moves down birth canal

3) 10-15min - placenta comes out

- used to evaluate newborns, 5 vital signs (0-2 good)

- when totaled ( 7 + = good, 3 or less = life threat)

- not necessarily after birth

(autonomic, motor, state and social)

alert inactivity

waking activity 

crying 

sleeping

1) cephalocaudal: "head to tail"

2) proximodistal : " center - extremities 

girl = 11 -12

boy = 13-15

Malnutrition

Obesity (type 2 diabiets is common in kid(senior diabets)

Disease 

Accidents 

flat structure formed by a group of cells ( 3 weeks) that becomes brain and spine

- it is the quiest sound someone can hear

- 2- 5 yrs

- and cars are used

Differentiation : mastery pof component skills 

Intergration: combining them in proper sequence into a coherent, working whole 

1) an event from the past is remembered

2) over time event can no longer be recalled

3) a cue can bring up forgotten memories

growth of hippocampus ( 20 - 24months)

growth of frontal cortex (2nd yr)

1)rehearsal

2)organization 

3)elaberation 

4) chunking 

1) diagnosing 

2)monitoring effectiveness

skill ar identifying goals, 

selecting effective strategies 

and monitoring accurately 

= successful student

1) understand objects and properties (principle of continuity)

2) undertsnadng living things 

3) understanding people

objects move in their entrity in time and space

(dehabituation - habitutation)

5 = no accumalitive 

7/8 = accumalitive

young = preoperational (limited)

adolescents = formal operational (poweful)

1) kids do not encode all info 

2) kids do not plan ahead

3) success = knowledge of specific problem and general process

4) collaberation enhances probs solving

- word recognition 

- comprehension 

- phonolgical awarness

- decoding

- reading ryhmes to emprove phnological awareness

- Phonics - letters +names

- whole word method - recognize whole words 

- whole language - occurs naturally

1) one-to-one principle: only one number for each object

2) stable-order: must be counted in same order

3) cordinality: last # name differs from the previous one in a counting sequence 

1) underestimated gifted kids 

2) overestimated adolesents with flaws logic

8 yrs - concrete

13yrs = formal

spanish - easiest 

english - hardest (inconsistent)