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Developmental Psychology
Lets not fail!! =D
265
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/15/2009
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Term
Nature:
 Definition
Our biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents
Term
Nurture:
 Definition
The environments, both physical and social, that influence our development
Term
Continuous Development:
 Definition
Idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller
Term
Discontinuous Development:
 Definition
The idea changes with age include occasional large shift, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly
Term
Stage Theories:
 Definition
Approaches that proprose that development involves a series of discontinuous, age related phases
Term
Cognitive Development:
 Definition
the development of thinking and reasoning
Term
Variation:
 Definition
differences in thought and behavior within and among
Term
Selection:
 Definition
the more frequent survival and reproduction of organisms that are well adapted to their environment
Term
Sociocultural Concept:
 Definition
the physical, social, cultural economic, and historical circumstances that make up any childÕs environment
Term
Socioeconomic Status:
 Definition
A measure of social class based on income and education
Term
Structured Interview:
 Definition
A research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions
Term
Clinical Interview:
 Definition
A procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides
Term
Naturalistic Observations:
 Definition
An examination of how children behave in their usual environments-schools, playgrounds, homes, and so on
Term
Structured Observations:
 Definition
A method that involves presenting an identical situation to each child and recording the childÕs behavior
Term
Variables:
 Definition
Attributes that vary across individual and situations, such as age, gender, and expectations
Term
Correlational Design:
 Definition
Studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other
Term
Correlation Coefficient:
 Definition
A statistic that indicates the direction and strength of correlation
Term
Direction-of-causation problem:
 Definition
the concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other
Term
Third Variable Problem:
 Definition
The concept that correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by someone third variable
Term
Experimental Designs:
 Definition
A group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn
Term
Random Assignment:
 Definition
A procedure in which each child has an equal chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment
Term
Experimental Group:
 Definition
A group of children in an experimental design who are presented the experience of interest
Term
Control Group:
 Definition
the group of children in an experimental design who are not presented the experiences of interest
Term
Independent Variable:
 Definition
The experience that children in the experimental group receive and that children in the control group do not receive
Term
Dependant Variable:
 Definition
A behavior that is measured to determine whether it is affected by exposure to the independent variable
Term
Naturalistic Observation:
 Definition
A type of experimental design in which data are collected in everyday settings
Term
Cross Sectional Design:
 Definition
A research method in which children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time
Term
Longitudinal Design:
 Definition
A method of study in which the same children are studied twice or more over a substantial period of time
Term
Microgenetic Design:
 Definition
A method of study of which the same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time.
Term
Epigenesis:
 Definition
The emergence of new structures and function in the course of development
Term
Embryology:
 Definition
The scientific study of prenatal development
Term
Gametes:
 Definition
Reproductive cells- eggs and sperm- that contain only half the genetic material of all the other cells in the body
Term
Conception:
 Definition
the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father
Term
Embryo:
 Definition
A name given to the developing organism form the 3rd to 8th week of prenatal development
Term
Fetus:
 Definition
The name given to the developing organism from the 9th week to birth
Term
Phylogenetic Continuity:
 Definition
The idea that because of our common evolutionary history humans share many characteristics, behaviors, and developmental processes with other animals, especially mammals
Term
Apoptosis:
 Definition
Gentically programmed cell death
Term
Identical Twins:
 Definition
Twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote, resulting in each of the two resulting zygotes having exactly the same set of genes
Term
Fraternal Twins:
 Definition
Twins that result when two eggs happen to be realsed into the fallopian tube at the same time and are fertilized by two different sperm. Fraternal twins have only half their genes in common.
Term
Neural Tube:
 Definition
A groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord
Term
Placenta:
 Definition
A support organ for the fetus; it keeps the circulatory systems of the fetus and mother separate, but as a semipermiable membrane permits the exchange of some materials between them (oxygen and nutrients from other to fetus and carbon dioxide and waste products from fetus to mother)
Term
Umbilical Cord:
 Definition
A tube containing the blood vessels conneting the fetus and placenta
Term
Cephalocaudal Development:
 Definition
the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head
Term
Habituation:
 Definition
A simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation
Term
Teratogen:
 Definition
external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal development
Term
Sensitive Period:
 Definition
The period of time during which a developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors; prentally, the sensitive period is when the fetus is maximally sensitive to the harmful effects of teratogens
Term
Dose-Response Relation:
 Definition
A relation in which the effect of exposure to an element increases with the extend of exposure (prenatally, the more exposure a fetus has to a potential teratogen, the more severe its effect is likely to be)
Term
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder:
 Definition
the harmful effects of maternal alcohol consumption on a developing fetus. Fetal Alcohol syndrome involves a range of effects including facial deformalities, mental retardation, attention problems, hyperactivity, and other defects.
Term
SIDS:
 Definition
The sudden unexpected death of a infant less than a year old that has no identifiable cause
Term
State:
 Definition
Level of arousal and engagment in the enviorment, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity
Term
REM:
 Definition
An active sleep state characterized by quick, jerky eye movements under closed lids and associated with dreaming in adults
Term
Non-Rem:
 Definition
A quiet or deep sleep state characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movements and regular
Term
Autostimulation Theory:
 Definition
The idea that the brain activity during REM sleep in the fetus and newborn facilitates the early development of the visual system
Term
Swaddling:
 Definition
A soothing technique used in many cultures that involves wrapping a baby tightly in clothes or a blanket
Term
Colic:
 Definition
Excessive, inconsolable crying, by a young infant for no apparent reason
Term
Low Birthweight:
 Definition
A birth weight of less than 5 ? pounds
Term
Premature:
 Definition
any child born at 35 weeks after conception or earlier (as opposed to the normal term of 38 weeks)
Term
Small for gestational Age:
 Definition
Babies that weigh substantially less than is normal for whatever their gestational age
Term
Developmental Resilience:
 Definition
Successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards
Term
Genome:
 Definition
the complete set of genes of any organism
Term
Genotype:
 Definition
the genetic material an indivual inherits
Term
Phenotype:
 Definition
the observable expression of the genotype including both body characteristics and behavior
Term
Environment:
 Definition
Every aspect of a individual and his or her surroundings other than genes
Term
Chromosomes:
 Definition
Molecules of DNA that transit genetic information. Chromosomes are made up of DNA
Term
DNA:
 Definition
Molecules that carry all of the biochemical instructions involved in the formation of the an organism
Term
Genes:
 Definition
Sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things
Term
Sex Chromosomes:
 Definition
The chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual gender
Term
Mutation:
 Definition
A change in a section of DNA
Term
Crossing Over:
 Definition
The process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other. Crossing over promotes variability among individuals
Term
Regulator Genes:
 Definition
Genes that control the activity of other genes
Term
Allels:
 Definition
Two or more different forms of a gene
Term
Dominant Allele
 Definition
: the allele trait that, if present gets expressed
Term
Recessive Allel:
 Definition
the allele that is not expressed if the dominant allele is present
Term
Homozygous:
 Definition
having two of the same allele for a trait
Term
Heterozygous:
 Definition
Having two different alleles for a trait
Term
Polygenic Inheritance:
 Definition
Inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene
Term
Norm of Reaction:
 Definition
all the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive
Term
Behavior Genetics:
 Definition
The science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors
Term
Heritable:
 Definition
Refers to anything influenced by heredity
Term
Heritability:
 Definition
A statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals
Term
Neurons:
 Definition
Cells that are specialized for sending and reciecing messages between the brain and all parts of the body as well as with the brain itself
Term
Cell Body:
 Definition
A component of the neuron that contains the basic material that keeps the neuron functions
Term
Dendrites:
 Definition
Neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses
Term
Axons:
 Definition
Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons
Term
Synapses:
 Definition
Microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another
Term
Glial Cells:
 Definition
Cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions
Term
Myelin Sheath:
 Definition
A fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission
Term
Cerebral Cortex:
 Definition
The gray matter of the brain that plays a primary role in what is though to be particularly humanlike functioning, from seeing and hearing to writing to feeling emotion
Term
Lobes:
 Definition
Major areas of the cortex
Term
Occipital Lobe:
 Definition
the lobe of the brain that is primarily involved in processing visual information
Term
Temporal Lobe:
 Definition
the lobe of the brain that is associated with memory, visual recognition, and the processing of emotion and auditory information
Term
Parietal Lobe:
 Definition
The lobe in the brain that governs spatial processing as well as integrating sensory input with information stored in memory
Term
Frontal Lobe:
 Definition
The lobe of the brain associated with organizing behavior and the one that is thought responsible for the human ability to plan ahead
Term
Association Areas:
 Definition
Parts of the brain that lie between the major sensory and motor areas that process and integrate input from those areas
Term
Cerebral Hemispheres:
 Definition
the two halves of the cortex. For the most part, sensory input from one side of the body goes to the opposite hemispheres of the brain
Term
Corpus Callosum:
 Definition
A dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate
Term
Cerebral Lateralization:
 Definition
the phenomenon that each hemisphere of the brain is specialized for different modes of processing
Term
Neurogenesis:
 Definition
The proliferation of neurons through cell division
Term
Myelination:
 Definition
the formation of Myelin (a fatty sheath) around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information processing abilities
Term
Synaptogenesis:
 Definition
The process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons resulting in trillions of connections
Term
Synaptic Pruning:
 Definition
The normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated
Term
Plasticity:
 Definition
the capacity of the brain to be affected by experience
Term
Experience-Expected Plasticity:
 Definition
The process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of the kinds of general experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have
Term
Experience-Dependant Plasticity:
 Definition
The process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual experiences
Term
Secular Trends:
 Definition
marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations
Term
Failure to Thrive:
 Definition
a condition in which infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain weight for no obvious reason
Term
Marasmus:
 Definition
Malnutrition brought on by the ingestion of too few calories
Term
Kwashiorkor:
 Definition
Malnutrition brought about inadequate protein
Term
Adaption:
 Definition
the tendency to respond to the demands of the enviroment in ways that meets oneÕs goals
Term
Organization:
 Definition
The tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge
Term
Assimilation:
 Definition
the process by which people translate incoming information into a form that they can understand
Term
Accommodation:
 Definition
the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences
Term
Equilibration:
 Definition
the process by which children or balance assimilation and accomadation to create stable understanding
Term
Sensorimotor Stage:
 Definition
The period (birth to 2 years) within PiagetÕs theory in which intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilties
Term
Preoperational Stage:
 Definition
The period (2 to 7 years) within Piagets theory in which children become able to represent their experience in language, mental imgery, and symbolic thought
Term
Concrete Operational Stage:
 Definition
The period (7 to 12 years) within PiagetÕs theory in which children become able to reason logically about concrete objects and events
Term
Formal Operational Stage:
 Definition
the period (12 years and beyond) within Piagets theory in which people become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations
Term
Object Permanence:
 Definition
the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view
Term
A-not-B Error:
 Definition
The tendency to reach where objects have been found before rather than where they were last hidden
Term
Deferred Imitation:
 Definition
The repetition of other peopleÕs behavior a substantial time after it originally occurred
Term
Symbolic Representation:
 Definition
the use of one object to stand for another
Term
Egocentrism:
 Definition
the tendency to perceive the world solely the oneÕs own point of view
Term
Centration:
 Definition
Tendancy to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event
Term
Conservation Concept:
 Definition
the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties
Term
Task Analysis:
 Definition
The research technique of identifying goals relevant information in the enviroment, and potential processing strategies for a problem
Term
Structure:
 Definition
the basic organization of the cognitive system, including its main components and their characteristics
Term
Processes:
 Definition
the specific mental activities such as rules and strategies that people use to remember and to solve problems
Term
Problem Solving:
 Definition
The process of attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle
Term
Sensory Memory:
 Definition
the fleeting retention of sights, sounds, and other sensations that have been just experienced
Term
Long-term memory:
 Definition
information retained on an enduring basis
Term
Working (Short-term) Memory:
 Definition
A kind of workspace in which information from sensory memory and long term memory is brought together, attended to , and processed
Term
Basic Processes:
 Definition
the simplest and most frequently used mental activities
Term
Encoding:
 Definition
the process of represenating in memory information that draws attention or is considered important
Term
Rehearsal:
 Definition
the process of repeating information over and over to aid memory
Term
Selective Attention:
 Definition
the process of intentionally focusing on the information that is most relevant to the current goal
Term
Utilization deficiency:
 Definition
the phenomenon that initial uses of strategies do not improve memory as much as later uses
Term
Autobiographical Memory:
 Definition
explicit memories of events that took place at specific times and places in an individualÕs personal past
Term
Infantile amnesia:
 Definition
The inability of most adults to remember anything of their lives before the age of 3 years and little more before the age of 5
Term
Overlapping Waves theory:
 Definition
An information processing approach that emphasizes the variability of childrenÕs thinking
Term
Dynamic Systems Theories:
 Definition
An information-processing approach that emphasizes how varied aspects of the child function as a single, integrated whole
Term
Core Knowdlege Theories:
 Definition
Appoaches that emphasize the sophistication of infants and young childrenÕs thinking in areas that have been important throughout evolutionary history
Term
Domain Specific:
 Definition
Limited to a particular area such as living things or people
Term
Personification:
 Definition
generalizing knowledge about people to infer properties of other animals
Term
Sociocultural Theories:
 Definition
Approaches that emphasizes the contribution to children development of other people and the surrounding culture
Term
Guided Participation:
 Definition
A process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn
Term
Cultural Tools:
 Definition
the innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking
Term
Private Speech:
 Definition
the second phase of Vygotsys internalization-of-thought process in which children develop their self regulation and problem solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do much as their parents did in the first stage
Term
Intersubjectivity:
 Definition
the mutual understanding that people share during communication
Term
Joint attention:
 Definition
A process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external enviroment
Term
Social Referencing :
 Definition
the tendency to look to social partners for guidance about how to respond to unfamiliar or threatening events
Term
Social Scaffolding:
 Definition
A process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports childrenÕs thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own
Term
Zone of Proximal Development:
 Definition
The range of performance between what children can do unsupported and what they can do with optimal support
Term
Sensation:
 Definition
the processing of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs
Term
Perception:
 Definition
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Term
Preferential looking technique:
 Definition
a method for studying visual attention in infants that involves showing infants two patterns or two objects at a time to see if the infants have a preference for one over the other
Term
Visual Acuity:
 Definition
the sharpness of visual discrimination
Term
Contrast sensitivity:
 Definition
the ability tot detect differences in light and dark areas in a visual pattern
Term
Perceptual Constancy:
 Definition
the perception of objects as being of constant size, shape color ect. Despite physical differences in the retinal image of the object
Term
Object Segregation:
 Definition
the identification of separate objects in a visual array
Term
Optical Expansion:
 Definition
a depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background, indicating that the object is approaching
Term
Binocular Disparity:
 Definition
the difference between the retinal image of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain
Term
Stereopsis:
 Definition
the process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity resulting in the perception of depth
Term
Monocular of pictorial cue:
 Definition
the perceptual cues of depth that can be perceived by one eye alone. Example are relative size and interposition
Term
Auditory Localization:
 Definition
perception of the location in space of sound source
Term
Intermodal Perception:
 Definition
the combination of information from two or more sensory systems
Term
Reflexes:
 Definition
innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulates
Term
Prereaching Movements:
 Definition
Clumsy swiping movements by young infants toward the general vicinity of objects they see
Term
Self-Locomotion:
 Definition
the ability to move one-self around in the environment
Term
Scale Error:
 Definition
The attempt by a young child to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of the child and the object
Term
Differentiation:
 Definition
The extraction from the constantly changing stimulation in the environment of those elements that are invariant or stable
Term
Affordances:
 Definition
the possibilities for action offered by objects and situations
Term
Classical Conditioning:
 Definition
A form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus with a stimulus that always envokes a particular reflexive response
Term
Unconditioned stimulus:
 Definition
In classical conditioning a stimulus that envokes a reflexive response
Term
UCR:
 Definition
in classical conditioning a reflexive reponse that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
Term
CS:
 Definition
In classical conditioning the neutral stimulus that ins repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Term
CR:
 Definition
IN classical conditioning the originally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus
Term
Instrumental Conditioning:
 Definition
Operant Conditioning-Learning the relation between ones own behavior and the consequences that result
Term
Positive Reinforcement:
 Definition
a reward that reliably follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
Term
Violation-of-expectancy:
 Definition
A procedure used to study infant cognition in which infants are shown an event that should be evoke surprise or interest if it violates something that infant knows or assumes to be true
Term
Symbols:
 Definition
systems for representing our thoughts feelings and knowledge and for communicating them to other people
Term
Language comprehension:
 Definition
Understanding what others say: or sign or write
Term
Language Production:
 Definition
Actually speaking to others
Term
Generativity:
 Definition
the idea that by using the finite set of words in our vocabulary we can put together an infinite number of sentences and express an infinite numbers of ideas
Term
Phonemes:
 Definition
the elementary units of meaningful sound used to produce languages
Term
Phonological Development:
 Definition
the acquisition of knowledge about the sound system of language
Term
Morphemes:
 Definition
the smallest units of meaning in a language composed of one or more phonemes
Term
Semantic Development:
 Definition
the learning of the systems for expressing meaning in a language including word learning
Term
Syntax:
 Definition
Rules in a language that specify how words from different categories can be combined
Term
Syntactic development:
 Definition
the language of the syntax of a language
Term
Pragmatic Development:
 Definition
The acquisition of knowledge about how language used
Term
Metalinguistic knowledge:
 Definition
an understanding of the properties and function of language-that is an understanding of language as language
Term
Critical Period:
 Definition
the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometimes between age 5 puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful
Term
Prosody:
 Definition
the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonation patterns and so forth with which language is spoken
Term
Categorical Perception:
 Definition
the perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories
Term
Voice Onset Time:
 Definition
The length of time between when air passes through lips and when the vocal cords start vibrating
Term
Intersubjectivity:
 Definition
The mutual understanding that people share during communication
Term
Joint Attention:
 Definition
a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment
Term
Reference:
 Definition
in language and speech, the associating of words and meaning
Term
Holophrastic Period:
 Definition
the period when children begin using the words int heir small productive vocabulary one word at a time
Term
Overextension:
 Definition
the use of given word in a broader context than is appropriate
Term
Fast Mapping:
 Definition
the process of rapidly learning a new word simply form the contrastive use of a familiar and an unfamiliar word
Term
Pragmatic cues:
 Definition
Aspects of a social context used for word learning
Term
Syntactic Bootstrapping:
 Definition
the strategy if using grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out meaning
Term
Telegraphic Speech:
 Definition
the term describing childrenÕs first sentences that are generally two-word utterances
Term
Overregularization:
 Definition
speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular
Term
Collective Monologues:
 Definition
young childrenÕs talk with one another in which the content of each childs turn has a little or nothing to do with what the other child has just said
Term
Narratives:
 Definition
Descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story
Term
Universal Grammar:
 Definition
A set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages
Term
Modularity hypothesis:
 Definition
the idea that the human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive
Term
Connectionism:
 Definition
A type of information processing approach that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous, interconnected processing units
Term
Dual Representation:
 Definition
the idea that a symbolic artifact must be mentally represented in two ways at the same time-both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself
Term
Emotional Intelligence:
 Definition
A set of abilities that contribute to competence in the social and emotional domains
Term
Emotion:
 Definition
Emotion is characterized by physiological responses, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action
Term
Discrete emotions theory:
 Definition
a theory about emotions discussed by Tomkins, Izard, and others in which emotions are viewed as innate and discrete from one another from very early in life and each emotion is believe to be packaged with a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions
Term
Functionalist Approach :
 Definition
A theory of emotion proposed by Campos and others that argues that the basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal. In this view, emotions are not discrete from one another and vary somewhat based on the social environment
Term
Separation Anxiety:
 Definition
Feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached
Term
Self-Conscious Emotions:
 Definition
emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others reactions to us
Term
Emotional Self-Regulation:
 Definition
the process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating internal feelings states and related physiological processes, cognitions, and behaviors
Term
Social Competence:
 Definition
the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others
Term
Temperament:
 Definition
constitutionally based indivudual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self regulation that demonstrate consistence across situations, as well as relative stability over time
Term
Behavioral Inhibition:
 Definition
A temperamentally based style of responding characterized by the tendency to be particularly fearful and restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations
Term
Good of fit:
 Definition
the degree to which an individualÕs temperament is compatible with the demands expectations of his or her social environment
Term
Personality:
 Definition
the Pattern of behavioral and emotional propensities, beliefs and interests and intellectual capacities that characterize an individual. Personality has its roots in temperament (and thus has a constitutional basis) but is shaped by interactions with the social physical world
Term
Socialization:
 Definition
the process through which children acquire the values , standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role in their particular culture
Term
Display Rules:
 Definition
A social groupÕs informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions
Term
Attachment:
 Definition
An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time. Usually, attachments are discussed in regard to the relation between infants and specific caregivers, although they can also occur in adulthood
Term
Attachment theory:
 Definition
a theory based on John BowlbyÕs work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances their own survival
Term
Secure Base:
 Definition
Bowblys term for when an attachment figureÕs presence provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment
Term
Internal working model of attachment:
 Definition
the childÕs mental represenation of the self, of attachment figures and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides childrenÕs interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages
Term
Strange Situation:
 Definition
A Procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infants attachment to their primary caregiver
Term
Secure Attachment:
 Definition
A pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a high quality relatively unambivialent relationship with their attachment figure. In Strange Situation a securely attached infant, for example, may be upset when the when the caregiver leaves but may be happu to see the caregiver return, recovering quickly from any distress. When children are securely attached they can use caregivers as a secure base for exploration
Term
Insecure Attachment:
 Definition
A pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a less positive attachment to their caregiver them do securely attached children. Insecurely attached children can be classified as insecure resistant (ambivalent) insecure/avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented
Term
Insecure/resistant (or ambivalent) attachment:
 Definition
A type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment. In the Strange Situation, insecure/resistant infants tend to get very upset when the caregiver leaves them alone in the room, and they are not readily comforted by strangers. When their caregiver returns, they are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them
Term
Insecure/avoidant attachment:
 Definition
A type of insecure attachment in which infants or youn children seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver. In the Strange Situation, they seem indifferent toward their caregiver befeor the caregiver returns. If they get upset when left alone, they are easily comforted by a stranger by a stranger as by a parent
Term
Disorganized/disoriented attachment:
 Definition
a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the Strange Situation. Their behavior is often confused or even contradictory, and they often appear dazed or disoriented.
Term
Adult Attachment Models:
 Definition
Working models of attachment in adulthood that are believed to be based upon adults perceptions of their own childhood experiences-especially their relationships with their parents-and of the influence of these experiences on them as adults.
Term
Parental Sensitivity:
 Definition
An important factor contributing to the security of an infant attachment. Parental sensitivity can be exhibited in a variety of ways, including responsive caregiving when children are distressed or upset and helping children to engage in learning situations by providing just enough, but not too much, guidance and supervision
Term
Self:
 Definition
A conceptual system made up of oneÕs thoughts and attitudes about oneself
Term
Personal Fable:
 Definition
A story that adolescents tell about themselves that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of their own feelings and their immortality
Term
Imaginary Audience:
 Definition
the belief stemming from adolescent egocentrism , that everyone else is focused on the adolescents appearance and behavior
Term
Identity versus Identity Confusion:
 Definition
Erikson psychosocial stage of development that occurs during adolescence. During this stage, the adolescent or young adult either develops and identity or experiences an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self
Term
Identity confusion:
 Definition
an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self that often occurs in EriksonÕs stage of identity versus identity confusion
Term
Identity foreclosure:
 Definition
premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options
Term
Negative Identity:
 Definition
Identity that stands in opposition to what is valued by people around the adolescent
Term
Psychosocial Moratorium:
 Definition
A time out during which the adolescent is not expected to take on adult roles and can pursue activities that lead to self-discovery
Term
Identity Diffusion Status:
 Definition
A category of identity status in which the individuals does not have firm commitments and is not making progress toward them
Term
Foreclosure Status:
 Definition
A category of identity status in which the individual is not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity based on the choices or values of others
Term
Moratorium Status:
 Definition
A category of identity status in which the individual is in the phrase of experimentation with regard to occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them
Term
Identity Achievement Status:
 Definition
A category of identity status in which, after a period of exploration, the individual has achieved a coherent and consolidated identity based on personal decisions regarding occupation, idealogy, and the like. The individual believes that these decisions were made autonomously and is committed to them
Term
Ethnic Identity:
 Definition
Idividuals sense of belonging to an ethnic or racial group, including the degree to which they associate their thinking, perceptions, feelings and behavior with membership in that group
Term
Sexual Minority Youth:
 Definition
People who experience same sex attractions and for whom the question of personal sexual identity is often confusing and painful
Term
Self Esteem:
 Definition
OneÕs overall evaluation of the worth of the self and the feelings that this evaluation engenders
Term
Prosocial Behavior:
 Definition
Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another, such as helping, sharing and comforting of others
Term
Moral Judgements:
 Definition
Decisions that pertain to issues of right and wrong, fairness and justice
Term
Social Conventional Judgments :
 Definition
Decisions that pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organization
Term
Personal Judgements:
 Definition
Decisions that refer to actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration
Term
Altruistic Motives:
 Definition
Helping others for reasons that initially include empathy or sympathy for others and, at later ages, the desire to act in ways, consistent with ones own conscience and moral principle
Term
Empathy:
 Definition
An emotional reaction to an others emotional state or condition that is similar to that other persons state or condition
Term
Sympathy:
 Definition
The feeling of concern for another person or animal in reaction to that other persons emotional state or condition; often an outcome of empathizing with anotherÕs negative emotion or situation
Term
Instrumental aggression:
 Definition
aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal
Term
Oppositional Defiant Disorder:
 Definition
A disorder characterized by age-inappropriate and persistent displays of angry defiant, and irritable behavior
Term
Conduct Disorder:
 Definition
A disorder that involves severe antisocial and aggression behavior that inflict pain on others or involve destruction of property or denial of the rights of others
Term
Reactive Aggression:
 Definition
Emotionally driven atagonistic aggression sparked by ones perception that other peopleÕs motives are hostile
Term
Proactive Aggression:
 Definition
Unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need or desire
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